PSYC Psychology Chapter 10 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

PSYC Psychology Chapter 10 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

If you find any question here in your quiz or exam, then download this. You can find every answers for your quiz or exam and get A+ grade.

1. The period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood is called

a) moratorium.

b) the teenage years.

c) the pubertal period.

d) menarche.

e) adolescence.

2. Which pioneer of psychology characterized adolescence as a period of "storm and stress"?

a) G. Stanley Hall

b) Jean Piaget

c) Lawrence Kohlberg

d) Sigmund Freud

e) Erik Erikson

3. About how many inches do adolescents typically gain in height during the growth spurt?

a) 2 to 3

b) 4 to 6

c) 7 to 9

d) 8 to 12

e) 14 to 18

4. The stage of development at which people become physiologically capable of reproducing is called

a) menarche.

b) moratorium.

c) menopause.

d) diffusion.

e) puberty.

5. How long does puberty last?

a) About 1 to 2 years

b) About 2 to 3 years

c) About 3 to 4 years

d) About 4 to 5 years

e) About 5 to 6 years

6. Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic?

a) Enlarged penis

b) Enlarged testes

c) Enlarged uterus

d) Breast development

e) Menarche

7. Of the following characteristics that Fiona experienced during puberty, which is a primary sex characteristic?

a) Breast development

b) Enlarged uterus

c) Pubic hair

d) Underarm hair

e) Growth spurt

8. Which of the following statements is true about puberty?

a) Girls experience menarche today at a much later age than in previous generations.

b) On average, puberty lasts about 5 to 6 years.

c) Girls experience menarche at different ages in different ethnic groups.

d) On average, boys begin puberty before girls.

e) Puberty begins with the appearance of primary sex characteristics.

9. Eleven-year-old Jorge looks forward to "becoming a man." What is the first sign of puberty that Jorge will experience?

a) The appearance of facial hair

b) The deepening of his voice

c) The appearance of pubic hair

d) Enlarged testes

e) His first ejaculation

10. Which is the first sign of puberty in a female?

a) Breast buds

b) Pubic hair

c) Underarm hair

d) First menstruation

e) Ovulation

11. If Paige is like the average American girl, she will have her first period at about what age?

a) Between nine and ten years of age

b) Between ten and eleven years of age

c) Between eleven and twelve years of age

d) Between twelve and thirteen years of age

e) Between thirteen and fourteen years of age

12. During the twentieth century, the average age of the onset of menarche for American girls became ________ because of ________.

a) delayed; better health

b) delayed; dieting trends

c) earlier; better health

d) earlier; dieting trends

e) earlier; overweight tendencies

13. Compared to late-maturing female adolescents, early-maturing female adolescents are more likely to

a) have high self-esteem.

b) have a positive body image.

c) be happy.

d) experience unwanted sexual attention.

e) have an advantage in athletics.

14. Which of the following statements is true with regard to research on pubertal timing?

a) Both boys and girls seem to benefit from early maturation.

b) Both girls and boys seem to benefit from late maturation.

c) Boys tend to benefit from early maturation, whereas girls tend to benefit from late maturation.

d) Girls tend to benefit from early maturation, whereas boys tend to benefit from late maturation.

e) Neither boys nor girls benefit from early maturation.

15. The ability to solve abstract problems is characteristic of someone in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

a) Abstract operations

b) Formal operations

c) Concrete operations

d) Preoperational

e) Sensorimotor

16. Seventeen-year-old Sam is able to draw conclusions about specific cases based on a set of general premises. Which aspect of formal operational thinking is Sam demonstrating?

a) Creation of hypothetical situations

b) Playing hypothetical scenarios out in his mind

c) Arguing against his own position

d) Seeing another's point of view

e) Deductive reasoning

17. Petra is able to imagine what would happen if parents were held legally responsible for the crimes of their children. She is probably in which stage of cognitive development?

a) Abstract operations

b) Moral operations

c) Concrete operations

d) Formal operations

e) Preoperational

18. Mareek believes that other people are as interested in him as he is. This reflects which aspect of adolescent cognitive development?

a) Imaginary audience

b) Personal fable

c) Abstract thinking

d) Formal operations

e) Centration

19. Who identified adolescent egocentrism and gave it this name?

a) Jean Piaget

b) Lawrence Kohlberg

c) Carol Gilligan

d) Erik Erikson

e) David Elkind

20. Sharleen believes she is unlike anyone else and invulnerable. When she is having a crisis and her parents try to talk to her, Sharleen says, "You can't possibly understand what I'm going through!" This reflects which aspect of adolescent cognitive development?

a) Imaginary audience

b) Formal operations

c) Deductive reasoning

d) Personal fable

e) Role diffusion

21. Imaginary audience and personal fable are components of which aspect of adolescent thinking?

a) Formal operations

b) Deductive reasoning

c) Egocentrism

d) Concrete operations

e) Role diffusion

22. All of the following factors appear to be related to risky behavior patterns in adolescence EXCEPT

a) an active personal fable.

b) having close friends who engage in risky behavior.

c) difficulty regulating one's emotions.

d) the belief that some risks are worth taking.

e) a belief in the imaginary audience.

23. Lawrence Kohlberg was interested in which aspect of development?

a) Physical

b) Social

c) Intellectual

d) Moral

e) Emotional

24. Kohlberg studied moral development by

a) observing people's behavior.

b) asking people to respond to moral dilemmas.

c) administering large-scale surveys.

d) using extensive questionnaires.

e) conducting extensive interviews with women.

a) Isn't everyone in society entitled to free medical care?

b) To what extremes is a person obligated to go in order to honor his marriage vows?

c) Is a person allowed to break the law and steal in order to save a loved one?

d) Does a druggist have the right to charge exorbitant prices for drugs that can save lives?

e) Why does the druggist refuse to allow Heinz to pay for the drug at a later date?

26. Kohlberg's theory of moral development has _______ levels, and they are called ________.

a) four; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

b) four; identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity

c) three; preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

d) three; selective optimization, optimism, and self-challenge

e) two; care orientation and justice orientation

27. After winning a lottery, Dylan and Meredith decided to give one-tenth of their winnings to a charity they both admire. Under donor's name, Dylan wrote "anonymous," whereas Meredith carefully filled in her full name. When Dylan asked Meredith why she did not give anonymously, she answered, "Because I gave away the money to show people that I'm not selfish." Meredith's answer reflects which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning?

a) Social contract orientation

b) Care and justice orientation

c) Universal ethical principle orientation

d) "Good boy--good girl" orientation

e) Authority or law-and-order orientation

28. Harold says that hitting his sister is wrong because he will be punished if he does. Harold's reasoning reflects which level of moral development?

a) Conventional

b) Preconventional

c) Postconventional

d) Unconventional

e) Preoperational

29. Eddie sees the two boys sitting in front of him in geometry class cheating on the final exam by sharing their results. He decides to tell the teacher because he thinks that getting on the teacher's good side might mean a better grade for him. Eddie's motive in turning in the cheaters would be categorized under which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning?

a) Unconventional

b) Conventional

c) Preconventional

d) Postconventional

e) Preoperational

30. Moral reasoning based on conformity to social rules is characteristic of which level of moral development?

a) Conventional

b) Preconventional

c) Postconventional

d) Unconventional

e) Formal operational

31. Suzette drives no faster than the speed limit because it's the law. Suzette's reasoning best demonstrates which level of moral reasoning?

a) Unconventional

b) Postconventional

c) Conventional

d) Preconventional

e) Concrete operational

32. Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral development consists of which stages?

a) "Good boy--good girl" and authority orientations

b) Law-and-order and social contract orientations

c) Ethical principle and instrumental purpose orientations

d) Obedience and punishment and instrumental purpose orientations

e) Social contract and universal ethical principle orientations

33. Dr. Kevorkian believes that terminally ill people have the right to control the time and circumstances of their death. Despite the fact that assisting a suicide is illegal, Kevorkian has provided the means for many terminally ill people to end their lives. Kevorkian's actions best fit which level of moral reasoning?

a) Postconventional

b) Preconventional

c) Conventional

d) Unconventional

e) Formal operational

34. The highest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg, involves

a) the belief that laws are based on mutual agreement among members of society.

b) preserving the social order and ensuring harmonious relationships among people.

c) doing the "right thing" in the eyes of others.

d) following an underlying set of self-chosen, abstract ethical principles.

e) understanding the necessity of obeying rules for the orderly functioning of society.

35. Which of the following answers to the "Heinz dilemma" best reflects postconventional moral reasoning?

a) Heinz should steal the drug because he needs his wife and she might die without it.

b) Heinz should steal the drug to avoid being blamed if his wife dies.

c) People would lose respect for Heinz if he didn't at least try to save his wife by stealing the drug.

d) Heinz must steal the drug because he has a duty to protect his wife.

e) Heinz would be morally wrong not to steal the drug because it would violate his belief in the absolute value of human life.

36. Kohlberg's model of moral development has been criticized as culturally biased because

a) the stages have been found only in people from Western cultures.

b) research has found that people from different cultures vary in how they proceed through the stages.

c) there is little evidence that people ever reach the level of postconventional reasoning.

d) it emphasizes moral standards that appeal to males rather than to females.

e) it emphasizes ideals found primarily in Western cultures.

37. In a cross-cultural study of moral reasoning in Americans and Indians reported in the text, which of the following was found?

a) Neither Indians nor Americans placed much emphasis on justice or interpersonal responsibility; instead, they emphasized care and nurturing.

b) Americans placed more emphasis on interpersonal responsibilities, whereas Indians placed more emphasis on justice.

c) Indians placed more emphasis on interpersonal responsibilities, whereas Americans placed more emphasis on justice.

d) Indians and Americans both placed less emphasis on justice and more emphasis on interpersonal responsibilities.

e) Americans and Indians both placed more emphasis on justice and less emphasis on interpersonal responsibilities.

38. Carol Gilligan contends that Kohlberg's theory is biased against

a) younger people.

b) women.

c) ethnic minorities.

d) city dwellers.

e) the elderly.

39. Which psychologist is associated with the concept of "women's voice"?

a) Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

b) Marguerite Harlow

c) Tiffany Field

d) Mary Ainsworth

e) Carol Gilligan

40. Carol Gilligan suggests that when making moral decisions,

a) women rely more on a care orientation and men rely more on a justice orientation.

b) men rely more on a care orientation and women rely more on a justice orientation.

c) women rely exclusively on a care orientation and men rely exclusively on a justice orientation.

d) women and men both rely more on a care orientation than on a justice orientation.

e) men and women both rely more on a justice orientation than on a care orientation.

41. When presented with the Heinz dilemma, a female who adopted a care orientation might answer with which of the following?

a) "Heinz should not steal the drug because if he does, he'll go to jail and without his help his wife will die, and he'll feel bad for the rest of his life."

b) "Heinz should steal the drug because the value of life supersedes that of property."

c) "Heinz should not steal but he must get the drug. Perhaps he should go back and offer to pay the druggist back with free labor."

d) "Heinz should not steal the drug because laws need to be respected no matter what."

e) "Heinz should steal the drug because if he doesn't his wife will die, and people will blame him for not even trying to save her."

42. Which of the following statements is true about adolescent-parent relationships?

a) Normal adolescent development includes serious conflict with parents.

b) Disagreements between adolescents and their parents tend to be rare.

c) Most adolescents say that they do not have a good relationship with their parents.

d) Teens tend to mimic their parents' behaviors, whether the behaviors are healthy or unhealthy.

e) When it comes to the major issues in life, adolescents and parents are far apart ideologically.

43. Fifteen-year-old Erica is predicted to experience which psychosocial crisis next?

a) Industry versus inferiority

b) Identity versus role diffusion

c) Intimacy versus isolation

d) Initiative versus guilt

e) Integrity versus despair

44. The term identity crisis was coined by

a) Elkind.

b) Gilligan.

c) Kohlberg.

d) Erikson.

e) Piaget.

45. The stressful time of soul searching and self-examination that many adolescents experience is the

a) identity crisis.

b) inferiority complex.

c) industry struggle.

d) initiative crisis.

e) personal fable.

46. Seventeen-year-old Hassam has spent a lot of time this past year thinking about his personal values and life goals. He has decided to go to college and be an architect to design low-income housing. He has even taken a job and begun saving for college. Hassam appears to have attained a sense of

a) role diffusion.

b) ego identity.

c) industry.

d) initiative.

e) role suffusion.

47. Which of the following statements is true about the development of identity?

a) All adolescents grapple with an identity crisis.

b) Adolescents who fail to develop a clear ego identity are the most vulnerable to negative peer influences.

c) Once ego identity emerges in adolescence, it remains stable for the rest of the person's life.

d) The only time that individuals experience an identity crisis is during adolescence.

e) Identity versus role diffusion is the fourth of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development.

48. Paula has recently dropped out of high school. She is not sure where she is headed in life, but school does not seem to be a part of it. She has started drinking and hanging around whoever has some alcohol. It sounds like Paula is in a state of

a) homogamy.

b) inferiority.

c) role diffusion.

d) bereavement.

e) ego despair.

49. According to Erik Erikson, he himself underwent an identity crisis when he

a) found out that his father was really his stepfather.

b) traveled around Europe working as an artist.

c) became a U.S. citizen and changed his name.

d) graduated from college.

e) decided to train as a psychoanalyst.

50. Instead of using the term crisis to describe the events Erikson proposed for adolescence, contemporary scholars more often use the term

a) identity struggle.

b) identity search.

c) identity exploration.

d) identity journey.

e) identity investigation.

51. Studies with African American and Hispanic American teens, mentioned in the text, found which of the following to be an "antidrug" influence?

a) Close peer friendships

b) Strong parental support

c) Positive sibling role models

d) Romantic involvement

e) Negative drug ads

52. A study found that teens who share at least ________ dinner(s) a week with their parents are less likely to do drugs than their peers.

a) One

b) Two

c) Three

d) Four

e) Five

53. Which of the following factors is linked to both sexual restraint and sexual activity among adolescents?

a) Peer pressure

b) Regular church attendance

c) Being able to communicate openly with one's parents

d) Having at least one parent who graduated from college

e) Living in an intact family

54. Which of the following statements is true about adolescent sexuality?

a) About half a million teenage girls give birth every year.

b) Rates of adolescent sexual intercourse have increased over the past decade.

c) About one-third of teenage pregnancies are unplanned.

d) The teenage birthrate in the United States is about the same as that of other Western, industrialized countries.

e) The teenage birthrate has been rising steadily since 1991.

56. According to the text, what is the most common definition of middle age?

a) From age 40 through 60 or 65

b) From age 30 through 50 or 55

c) From age 50 through 65 or 70

d) From age 35 through retirement

e) Beginning with the age when one can no longer recognize the names of new musical groups and ending with retirement

57. If you are like the average person, you can expect to reach the peak of your physical performance in your

a) late teens.

b) twenties.

c) early thirties.

d) late thirties.

e) early forties.

58. The greatest decline in cognitive abilities occurs in which of the following areas?

a) Verbal comprehension

b) Numerical ability

c) Vocabulary size

d) Ability to apply knowledge

e) Mental flexibility

59. The ability to think abstractly and flexibly in solving problems is referred to as

a) verbal intelligence.

b) fluid intelligence.

c) applied intelligence.

d) crystallized intelligence.

e) emotional intelligence.

60. Which of the following is a measure of crystallized intelligence?

a) Vocabulary size

b) Perceiving relationships among patterns

c) Inductive reasoning

d) Forming and recognizing concepts

e) Spatial orientation

61. Crystallized intelligence is best captured in which concept?

a) Emotional intelligence

b) Accumulated knowledge

c) Abstract reasoning

d) Mental flexibility

e) Creativity

62. Typically, people achieve their highest scores on IQ tests at which point in their lives?

a) While they're in their early teens

b) In mid-adolescence

c) During young adulthood

d) Sometime in middle age

e) At the start of old age

63. Which of the following statements is true regarding adult crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence?

a) Both types of intelligence generally increase throughout the adult lifespan.

b) Both types of intelligence generally decrease throughout the adult lifespan.

c) After early adulthood, fluid intelligence generally decreases, while crystallized intelligence stays about the same or increases.

d) After early adulthood, crystallized intelligence generally decreases, while fluid intelligence stays about the same or increases.

e) Both types of intelligence decrease, but only in late adulthood.

64. If you are like the average person, you can expect to start losing lean body tissue in your

a) late teens.

b) early twenties.

c) late twenties.

d) mid thirties.

e) early forties.

65. Which of the following statements is true about physical changes in adulthood?

a) Significant weight gain is a normal, inevitable consequence of aging.

b) Loss of muscle tissue in middle age is inevitable and irreversible.

c) Between ages twenty and seventy, people are likely to lose as much as 5 percent of their muscle cells.

d) Loss of muscle strength in adulthood can be offset by a weight-bearing-exercise program.

e) After their twenties, most people lose about 2 pounds of lean body mass every decade.

66. The time in a woman's life when menstruation and reproductive capability end is called

a) menarche.

b) osteoporosis.

c) dysthymic depression.

d) bereavement.

e) menopause.

67. If Gertrude is like the average woman, she can expect to experience menopause in her

a) late thirties or early forties.

b) mid-forties.

c) late forties or early fifties.

d) mid-fifties.

e) late fifties or early sixties.

68. Which hormones fuel a woman's sex drive?

a) Androgens

b) Estrogens

c) Progesterone

d) Corticosteroids

e) GABA

69. Which of the following statements regarding menopause is true?

a) Women can expect to experience severe hot flashes during menopause.

b) Women normally become depressed or anxious during menopause as a result of hormonal changes.

c) A woman's body no longer produces estrogen after menopause.

d) Menopause is a physical and psychological event.

e) Menopause brings an end to women's sexual drive.

70. Which of the following statements is true regarding physical changes for men in adulthood?

a) Men experience a sharp decline in testosterone production in middle adulthood, and they do not maintain fertility as a result.

b) Men experience a gradual decline in testosterone production in middle adulthood, and they can maintain fertility well into later adulthood.

c) Men experience a sharp decline in testosterone production in middle adulthood, yet they still maintain fertility well into later adulthood.

d) Men experience a gradual decline in testosterone production in middle adulthood, and they do not maintain fertility as a result.

e) Men experience a sharp increase in testosterone production in middle adulthood that allows them to maintain fertility well into later adulthood.

71. Twenty-five-year-old Allison is predicted to be in which stage of psychosocial development?

a) Industry versus inferiority

b) Identity versus role diffusion

c) Generativity versus stagnation

d) Integrity versus despair

e) Intimacy versus isolation

72. According to Erik Erikson, people who forge a strong sense of ego identity earlier in development are more likely to achieve what in early adulthood?

a) Inferiority

b) Intimacy

c) Industry

d) Initiative

e) Generativity

73. Twenty-one-year-old Amber is transitioning from adolescence to adulthood. She is focused on developing the skills, knowledge, and self-understanding to prepare for the responsibilities of adult life. According to Arnett, Amber is in which developmental period?

a) Emerging adulthood

b) Post-adolescence

c) Midlife crisis

d) Intimacy versus isolation

e) Genital stage

74. Who coined the term emerging adulthood to describe the transition from adolescence to adulthood?

a) Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

b) Daniel Levinson

c) David Elkind

d) Erik Erikson

e) Jeffrey Arnett

75. As a developmental stage, emerging adulthood occurs at about what age?

a) Between ages 16 and 18

b) Between the late teens and the early or mid-20s

c) Between 21 and 30

d) Between 21 and the early 30s

e) Between the mid-20s and the late 20s

76. The developmental period termed emerging adulthood is all of the following EXCEPT

a) an age of exploring identity, romantic relationships, and career alternatives.

b) an age of stability.

c) a self-focused age.

d) an age of feeling in-between.

e) an age of possibilities, not certainties.

77. Nineteen-year-old college student Tyrone has a great deal of optimism about the future. He doesn't yet see any aspect of his future as a certainty. Which aspect of emerging adulthood is Tyrone experiencing?

a) The age of possibilities

b) The self-focused age

c) The age of instability

d) The age of feeling in-between

e) The age of identity exploration

78. Which of the following statements is true about emerging adulthood?

a) Emerging adulthood exists only in those cultures where there is an abrupt transition from adolescence to adulthood.

b) Within Western cultures, ethnic cultural factors have no bearing on the timing of emerging adulthood.

c) The concept of emerging adulthood is consistent with Erikson's emphasis on identity formation in development.

d) Most people say they have reached adulthood by their mid-twenties.

e) Young people of today are emerging into adulthood earlier than in years past.

79. Research suggests that people who fail to learn a basic sense of ________ in early life may have a greater fear of ________ in adulthood.

a) trust; intimacy

b) trust; stagnation

c) initiative; integrity

d) autonomy; intimacy

e) autonomy; generativity

80. According to Erikson, middle adulthood is to ________ as early adulthood is to ________.

a) ego identity vs. despair; intimacy vs. isolation

b) intimacy vs. isolation; generativity vs. stagnation

c) generativity vs. stagnation; intimacy vs. isolation

d) ego integrity vs. despair; identity vs. role diffusion

e) generativity vs. stagnation; identity vs. role diffusion.

81. Which of the following best captures Erikson's concept of stagnation?

a) Ambition

b) Spoiling

c) Insecurity

d) Nurturing

e) Self-absorption

82. Forty-two-year-old Jon is experiencing a psychological challenge. He is grappling with the loss of his youth and feels "trapped," perceiving a lack of future options. What is Jon experiencing?

a) The empty nest syndrome

b) Bereavement

c) Generativity

d) Male menopause

e) A midlife crisis

83. According to Levinson, what begins at about age forty?

a) Midlife transition

b) Intellectual decline

c) Midlife crisis

d) Midlife mourning

e) Empty nest syndrome

84. The empty nest syndrome is less likely to occur today than in the past because

a) women's roles have changed, and less emphasis is placed on childbearing and child rearing.

b) more people are taking in elderly parents when the children move out.

c) there is a trend for adult children to set up house close to where their parents live.

d) people are stretching their "nest years" by allowing for more spacing between children.

e) raising children has become much more difficult than it used to be, and parents are relieved when children finally leave.

85. Victor is fifty years old and self-employed. Because he has worked from his home for the past twenty years, Victor has spent a great deal of time with his daughter Michelle. Since Michelle left home for college two years ago, Victor has struggled with a lot of negative emotions. He feels that his life has no purpose. What is Victor experiencing?

a) Midlife crisis

b) Male menopause

c) The empty nest syndrome

d) Ego integrity

e) Ageism

86. Which of the following people is living the most popular lifestyle in the United States today?

a) Randy, who is cohabiting with a girlfriend

b) Sue, who is married

c) Glenn, who is divorced

d) Richard, who is widowed

e) Brenda, who has never married and is living alone

87. Which of the following statements is true about marriage?

a) The majority of people do not become sexually active until they are married.

b) The longer people are married, the happier they generally feel.

c) About 95 percent of Americans marry before the age of sixty.

d) Only about one-half of people in all human societies marry at least once.

e) Only about one-fourth of all adults in the United States are married and living with their spouses.

88. The tendency for people to marry others who are similar to themselves is called

a) hegogamy.

b) homogamy.

c) serial monogamy.

d) polygamy.

e) monogamy.

89. Approximately how many interracial married couples are there in the United States today?

a) 250,000

b) 500,000

c) 750,000

d) 1,000,000

e) 1,500,000

90. If 22-year-old Sophie adopts the most common lifestyle for people in her age group in the United States, we would predict that Sophie is

a) married without children.

b) single.

c) widowed.

d) divorced.

e) married with children.

91. Regarding social attitudes about single people in society today, which of the following is true?

a) Single people are regarded as less selfish than married people.

b) There is no negative bias or discrimination against single people.

c) Single people are viewed as more stable than married people.

d) Landlords prefer to rent to single people rather than to married people.

e) Single people are seen as less mature than married people.

92. Among young adults in the 20- to 24-year age range, more than ________ males and about ________ females are unmarried.

a) 1 in 2; 2 in 3

b) 2 in 3; 1 in 4

c) 3 in 4; 2 in 5

d) 4 in 5; 3 in 4

e) 5 in 6; 1 in 2

93. In the United States today, the average age of first marriage is ________ for males and ________ for females.

a) 23; 21

b) 31; 29

c) 25; 25

d) 26; 24

e) 27; 25

94. Which of the following statements is true about cohabiting couples?

a) There are fewer cohabiting couples today than there were in 1990.

b) Cohabiting couples are more likely to get married than to break up.

c) Cohabiting couples who eventually marry have higher divorce rates than married couples who did not cohabit.

d) Only about one-tenth of current U.S. couples who are married lived together before marriage.

e) Cohabitation is strictly a heterosexual phenomenon.

95. Ira and Joanne have just moved in together. What are the chances that they'll eventually get married?

a) The odds are 1 in 10.

b) The odds are 2 in 10.

c) The odds are 4 in 10.

d) The odds are 6 in 10.

e) The odds are 8 in 10.

96. Lou, a single 28-year-old male, practices "serial monogamy." We can therefore conclude that he

a) is celibate.

b) is a "swinging single" who frequently indulges in "one-night stands."

c) is married.

d) is either involved in an exclusive relationship or between relationships.

e) is homosexual.

97. Which of the following is true when it comes to divorce?

a) Most divorced people tend to remain single.

b) For most people, divorce is a welcome opportunity to start over, with no negative consequences.

c) About 4 in 10 first marriages end in divorce.

d) After a three-decade decline, divorce rates escalated sharply in the 1990s.

e) First marriages are more likely to end in divorce than are second marriages.

98. In terms of finances, what is the typical pattern after divorce?

a) Both men and women experience a drop in household income, with men experiencing a slightly larger drop.

b) Both men and women experience a drop in household income, with women experiencing a larger drop.

c) Both women and men experience a drop in household income, with men experiencing a larger drop.

d) Women's household income tends to increase, whereas men's household income tends to decrease.

e) Women's household income tends to decrease, whereaas men's household income tends to increase.

99. Which of the following statements is true about the effects of divorce on children?

a) Children who adjust well right after the divorce will probably function well in their adult relationships.

b) Children from divorced families tend to do just as well in school as children from intact families.

c) Children of divorced parents do not have more behavioral problems than children from intact families.

d) As adults, children from divorced families may have difficulty with trust and commitment.

e) Children of divorced parents fare better if the noncustodial parent ceases to play a role in their lives.

101. The number of Americans over the age of 65 has ________ in recent years and is projected to ________ through the first half of the twenty-first century.

a) been rising steadily; remain steady

b) remained steady; remain steady

c) been rising steadily; decline steadily

d) been declining steadily; continue declining

e) been rising steadily; continue rising

102. What is the most recent estimate for life expectancy in the United States?

a) 67.9 years

b) 72.9 years

c) 80 years

d) 82.9 years

e) 87.9 years

103. Sixty-five year-olds Liz and Dick are married and in good health. If they are like the average American couple, it is more than likely that

a) both will live for only seven more years.

b) Liz will live longer than Dick.

c) Dick will live to age 88.

d) Liz will live to age 94.

e) Dick will die before reaching age 75.

104. Other factors being equal, which of the following persons has the LOWEST life expectancy:

a) Abbie, a White American woman

b) Babette, an African American woman

c) Cap, a White American man

d) Demeter, an African American man

e) The two males, Demeter and Cap, share the same life expectancy, and it is lower than that of either female.

105. What is one major reason for the increased life expectancy in the United States in the last few decades?

a) Genetic intervention

b) Implementation of road and air safety measures

c) Lower rates of homicide and suicide

d) Control or elimination of many infectious diseases

e) Improved nutrition

106. On average, around what age does one's fund of knowledge begin to decline?

a) fifty

b) sixty

c) seventy

d) eighty

e) ninety

107. Regarding the decline in sensory and motor abilities as people age, which of the following is true?

a) The senses become less acute, especially the sense of touch.

b) Brain tissue loss is especially prominent in the temporal lobes.

c) The brain shrinks in volume and weight.

d) Memory suffers, with memory for old information being most affected.

e) Performance on tasks requiring crystallized intelligence tends to decline.

108. Murray has a condition that has caused him to experience a major deterioration of his mental abilities. He has lost much of his reasoning and judgment abilities, and he has great difficulty carrying out purposeful behavior. What is Murray's condition?

a) Ageism

b) Fluid intelligence failure

c) Osteoporosis

d) Dementia

e) Dyslexia

109. Which of the following is the leading cause of dementia?

a) Brain infections and injuries

b) Parkinson's disease

c) Strokes

d) Chronic alcoholism

e) Alzheimer's disease

110. Approximately what percentage of people over age eighty-five suffer from Alzheimer's disease?

a) 15 percent

b) 25 percent

c) 40 percent

d) 65 percent

e) 75 percent

111. Patients with Alzheimer's disease show reduced levels of which neurotransmitter in their brains?

a) Acetylcholine

b) Dopamine

c) GABA

d) Glutamate

e) Serotonin

112. If he is typical for his age, seventy-year-old Ronald is LEAST likely to experience decline in which of the following cognitive abilities?

a) Speed of mental processing

b) Vocabulary recognition

c) Remembering names

d) Pattern recognition

e) Memorizing new information

113. Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease?

a) Scientists suspect that one gene is involved in all the different forms of the disease.

b) The number of Alzheimer's patients is expected to remain steady or decline, as memory-boosting drugs gain in popularity.

c) Proportionately, there are more people with Alzheimer's who are in their seventies than there are in any other age group.

d) There currently is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there are drugs that offer a memory boost.

e) Alzheimer's disease never strikes people under the age of sixty-five.

114. The main reason why women are less susceptible than men to heart disease is that they

a) are protected by estrogen.

b) experience less day-to-day stress.

c) are less likely to be overweight.

d) exercise more.

e) do not smoke as much.

115. A female belonging to which of the following groups is expected to live the longest?

a) African American

b) Asian American

c) Hispanic American

d) Native American

e) White (non-Hispanic) American

116. According to Erikson, psychosocial development in late adulthood centers on the crisis of

a) identity versus role diffusion.

b) industry versus inferiority.

c) intimacy versus isolation.

d) ego integrity versus despair.

e) generativity versus stagnation.

117. Elvin is seventy-five years old. He is a rather sad because he regrets the wasted opportunities in life and feels he has made a lot of mistakes. From Erikson's perspective, this reflects a sense of

a) despair.

b) ego integrity.

c) isolation.

d) stagnation.

e) ageism.

118. Adult development theorist Daniel Levinson suggests that in late adulthood, it is important to

a) guard against becoming too dependent on one's family.

b) find adequate time to rest.

c) take antidepressant medication.

d) rediscover the self.

e) adjust to physical changes

119. Which of the following statements is true about aging?

a) After rising through young adulthood, self-esteem declines steadily in middle and late adulthood.

b) Most people in their seventies report a deep dissatisfaction with their lives.

c) Income level and social contacts are unrelated to better psychological well-being in late adulthood.

d) The majority of married older adults report being satisfied with their marriages, with relatively few marital problems.

e) Suicide rates among older adults are lower than they are for other age groups.

120. If Aretha is like the typical older adult, the emotional problem she is most likely to face is

a) empty nest syndrome.

b) the late adulthood crisis.

c) anxiety.

d) depression.

e) anger.

121. Approximately what percentage of older adults suffer from some degree of depression?

a) Less than 1 percent

b) About 5 percent

c) About 15 percent

d) About 35 percent

e) More than 55 percent

122. Regarding depression in late adulthood, which of the following statements is true?

a) Neither antidepressants nor psychotherapy appears to be beneficial for the elderly who suffer from depression.

b) Negative emotions such as depression tend to decline as people age, until they reach their mid-seventies.

c) Medical caregivers tend to go overboard with regard to treating depression in the elderly.

d) Depression affects the majority of older adults.

e) The prevalence of suicide is much lower in late adulthood than in earlier stages of life.

123. The rate of suicide is especially high among older

a) White males.

b) White females.

c) Latino males.

d) African American males.

e) African American females.

124. Which of the following statements is true about aging and sexuality?

a) People in reasonably good health can expect to remain sexually active throughout their lives.

b) Changes in sexual responsiveness that come with aging prevent sexual relationships from being satisfying.

c) Older adults with sexual interest are rare and abnormal.

d) Due to increases in the production of estrogen, women in late adulthood may experience increased vaginal lubrication.

e) Erections of late adulthood take less time to achieve than those of young adulthood.

125. Instead of focusing on what she is no longer able to do, eighty-year-old Pauline uses her time and money to make up for the shortcomings associated with aging, focusing on activities that are meaningful and important to her. Pauline demonstrates which characteristic associated with successful aging?

a) Self-challenge

b) Pessimism

c) Realistic expectations

d) Optimism

e) Selective optimization and compensation

126. An influential theory of death and dying was developed by

a) Erikson.

b) Kübler-Ross.

c) Havighurst.

d) Levinson.

e) Gilligan.

127. All of the following are stages in Kübler-Ross's model of death and dying EXCEPT

a) depression.

b) bereavement.

c) anger.

d) denial.

e) bargaining.

128. The typical order of the stages in death and dying is

a) anger, denial, depression, bargaining, acceptance.

b) denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

c) anger, depression, denial, bargaining, acceptance.

d) denial, depression, anger, bargaining, acceptance.

e) depression, denial, bargaining, anger, acceptance.

129. Marietta, who is terminally ill, promises to go to church every Sunday if God will let her live to see the birth of her first grandchild. Marietta reflects which stage of death and dying?

a) Anger

b) Depression

c) Denial

d) Bargaining

e) Acceptance

130. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's model of death and dying is based on

a) observations of terminally ill people and their families.

b) case studies of the journals of terminally ill people.

c) case studies of people with infamous deaths.

d) interviews with people who work with the terminally ill—hospice workers, nurses, doctors, and chaplains.

e) interviews with terminally ill people.

131. Disbelief that one is really dying is characteristic of which stage of death and dying?

a) Depression

b) Acceptance

c) Denial

d) Bargaining

e) Anger

132. Sixty-five-year-old Pablo is terminally ill with cancer. In terms of the stages of death and dying, how can his family and health care providers best help him?

a) Do everything possible to help Pablo avoid the acceptance stage, because this stage represents giving up hope.

b) Ignore Pablo's depressive state, and make efforts to cheer him up.

c) Respond vigorously to Pablo's expressions of anger.

d) Understand the stages, and help Pablo attain a state of final acceptance.

e) Help Pablo think of ways to bargain, because this will keep his mind off his impending death.

133. Wilfred was diagnosed with a terminal illness. He is beginning to feel a sense of loss and hopelessness. This is characteristic of which stage of death and dying?

a) Anger

b) Depression

c) Denial

d) Mourning

e) Bereavement

134. Mourning is

a) the first step in Kübler-Ross's model of death and dying.

b) the last step in Kübler-Ross's model of death and dying.

c) the culturally prescribed manner of displaying grief.

d) the result of death of a close friend or family member.

e) confronting death and dying by bargaining.

135. In the second stage of grief and mourning, bereaved people are most likely to experience

a) preoccupation with thoughts about the deceased loved one.

b) resolution of grief and a return to normal functioning.

c) anger at being abandoned by the deceased.

d) feelings of being detached from their surroundings.

e) difficulty accepting the reality of their loss.

136. Mary Jo's husband just died after being in a car accident. Mary Jo has strong feelings of grief and loss. Which term describes Mary Jo's psychological state?

a) Mourning

b) Adaptation

c) Depression

d) Moratorium

e) Bereavement

138. Regular exercise in late adulthood is associated with all of the following benefits EXCEPT

a) increasing life expectancy.

b) lowering the incidence of depression.

c) maintaining a healthy body weight.

d) preserving mental sharpness and reducing the risk of dementia.

e) improving sexual functioning in males.

139. The risk of contracting osteoporosis can be lowered by

a) taking adequate amounts of vitamin C.

b) managing stress levels.

c) doing weight-bearing exercise.

d) cutting down on alcohol and giving up smoking.

e) eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

140. One study (Levy et al., 2002) compared the lifespans of people with optimistic and pessimistic views about aging. What was the finding?

a) The different outlooks had no significant effect on lifespan.

b) Surprisingly, the pessimists lived an average of 3.5 years longer.

c) The optimists tended to live almost 1.5 years longer.

d) The optimists tended to live 4 years longer.

e) The optimists tended to live more than 7.5 years longer.

141. When it comes to preserving higher mental functions in old age, which of the following is true?

a) The old adage "use it or lose it" is a myth.

b) Although some cognitive abilities can be maintained, memory ability is not one of them.

c) Engaging in mentally stimulating activities can reduce the risks of developing Alzheimer's.

d) Dementia appears to be genetically determined, and the risk of succumbing to it cannot be reduced with mind exercises.

e) Researchers have found no connection between regular exercise and the preservation of mental sharpness.