PSYC Psychology Chapter 15 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

PSYC Psychology Chapter 15 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

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1. Pussin and Pinel were instrumental in the movement toward which form of therapy?

a) Genetic

b) Behavioral

c) Moral

d) Restraint

e) Community-based

2. A major shift in the history of mental illness was the rise of moral therapy, which occurred during the

a) Medieval period.

b) mid- and late seventeenth century.

c) late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

d) early twentieth century.

e) 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s.

3. As a result of deinstitutionization, the state mental hospital population in the United States between 1955 and the late 1980s dropped from 550,000 to around

a) 1,000.

b) 3,000.

c) 13,000.

d) 31,000.

e) 130,000.

4. The first U.S. advocate of moral treatment for the mentally ill was

a) Dix.

b) Pinel.

c) Pussin.

d) Skinner.

e) Rogers.

5. Deinstitutionalization was the result of two major factors: the public outcry over the deplorable conditions in mental hospitals and

a) the budget woes of state legislatures in a downturn economy.

b) an acute shortage of trained personnel needed to staff these facilities.

c) the introduction of antipsychotic drugs.

d) the newly organized mental patients' rights movement.

e) a relentless campaign by the American Psychiatric Association.

6. What were the conditions of treatment for the mentally ill during the period after moral therapy fell out of favor?

a) Patients were warehoused in state hospitals, where they were mostly neglected and kept in deplorable conditions.

b) Patients were kept in state hospitals, where they were primarily treated with psychoanalysis.

c) Patients were locked in state hospitals, where they were primarily treated with drugs and electroconvulsive therapy.

d) Patients were moved into community-based health care centers.

e) Patients were deinstitutionalized because of lack of government funding for mental hospitals.

7. During which decade did the community health system begin to take shape in the United States?

a) 1940s

b) 1950s

c) 1960s

d) 1970s

e) 1980s

8. What was the hope of the community-based care movement?

a) That promising psychotropic drugs could help people deal more effectively with psychological disorders

b) That alternatives to long-term hospitalization could be provided

c) That mental hospitals would reflect the values of their community

d) That the treatment of the mentally ill would be humanized

e) That costs of caring for the mentally ill would be substantially reduced

9. The social policy of redirecting the care of people with severe mental disorders from state mental hospitals toward community-based treatment settings is known as

a) moral therapy.

b) systematic desensitization.

c) the Dhat Plan.

d) positive psychology.

e) deinstitutionalization.

10. Critics complain that contemporary public mental hospitals are like

a) country clubs, high in cost and providing too many amenities.

b) warehouses, storing patients away without helping them.

c) maximum-security jails, taking inmates in for life sentences.

d) revolving doors, repeatedly admitting patients and rapidly discharging them.

e) "human snakepits," keeping patients in conditions that are deplorable.

11. About what proportion of homeless adults in the United States suffers from a severe psychological disorder?

a) 1 in 3

b) 1 in 5

c) 1 in 10

d) 1 in 20

e) 1 in 40

12. Which of the following correctly describes the effects of deinstitutionalization?

a) Deinstitutionalization has been a resounding success, as almost all mental patients have now been reintegrated into the community.

b) Deinstitutionalization has been an unequivocal failure, as mental patients have not been helped at all.

c) Deinstitutionalization has been predominantly a failure due to its overly aggressive outreach programs.

d) Deinstitutionalization has been a mix of success and failure as many people have been helped but far too many have not.

e) Deinstitutionalization has been predominantly successful since the vast majority of mental patients are now receiving help in their community.

13. Summarize the history of treatment of the mentally ill.

14. A general term for any psychologically based form of treatment to help people better understand and/or resolve their problems is

a) psychoanalysis.

b) behavior modification.

c) psychotherapy.

d) humanistic therapy.

e) psychodynamic therapy.

15. Each year, approximately how many people in the United States receive psychotherapy?

a) 100,000

b) 500,000

c) 1,000,000

d) 5,000,000

e) 10,000,000

16. Robin is a clinical psychologist. Her friend Nancy is a psychologist trained as a psychoanalyst. How did Nancy's professional training differ from Robin's?

a) Only Robin must have graduated from medical school.

b) Only Nancy must have specialized training in administering psychological tests, diagnosing mental disorders, and practicing psychotherapy.

c) Only Nancy must have passed a licensing exam.

d) Only Nancy must have undergone psychoanalysis.

e) Only Robin can prescribe psychiatric drugs and use electroconvulsive therapy in treating patients.

17. As a clinical psychologist, Dr. Berne

a) must have graduated from medical school.

b) must work in a clinic setting.

c) must have earned a doctoral degree and passed a licensing exam.

d) must have undergone psychoanalysis as part of his or her training.

e) must have the ability to prescribe psychiatric drugs.

18. Which of the following statements is true about clinical psychologists' ability to prescribe psychiatric drugs in the United States?

a) Clinical psychologists do not have prescription privileges in the United States.

b) Psychiatrists have been supporting the movement to grant prescription privileges to clinical psychologists.

c) Only two states currently allow psychologists to prescribe medications, provided that they have completed a specialized training program.

d) About half of the states have granted limited prescription privileges to psychologists.

e) Clinical psychologists have the ability to prescribe psychiatric drugs in every one of the 50 states.

19. Puge has just graduated from college as a clinical social worker. Which degree has Puge earned?

a) R.N.

b) M.D.

c) Ed.D.

d) Ph.D.

e) M.S.W.

20. The first form of psychodynamic therapy to be developed was

a) cognitive.

b) behavioral.

c) humanistic.

d) psychoanalysis.

e) client-centered.

21. Which of the following is a key idea from psychodynamic therapies?

a) That psychological problems are rooted in conscious psychological conflicts

b) That psychological problems are mainly learned and can therefore be unlearned

c) That human beings possess free will and can make conscious choices to improve their lives

d) That therapy will help people develop their unique potentials

e) That to help a disturbed adult, it is necessary to explore his or her childhood

22. Dr. Melfi is a psychoanalyst. Therefore, we can assume she believes that restoring psychological health involves

a) increasing efforts toward self-actualization.

b) gaining insight into unconscious psychological conflicts.

c) focusing on changing behavior.

d) suppressing unacceptable motives and desires.

e) focusing on the client's experience in the here-and-now.

23. In Freudian terms, the goal of psychoanalysis is to shine the light of the ________ on the unconscious recesses of the ________.

a) ego; id

b) ego; superego

c) id; ego

d) superego; ego

e) id; superego

24. Psychoanalysts believe that anxiety results from

a) unacceptable impulses that threaten to leak into consciousness.

b) the id's desire to meet the demands of the ego.

c) the id's desire to meet the demands of the superego.

d) the superego's attempts to satisfy the ego.

e) learned behavior that can be "unlearned."

25. During a visit to his therapist, Ishmael was asked to begin talking about whatever was on his mind, even if it seemed trivial or irrelevant. This is an example of

a) transference.

b) interpretation.

c) latent content.

d) free association.

e) empathy.

26. Why do psychoanalysts typically sit off to the side, out of the client's direct view, and say little?

a) So the clients will not be reminded that they are being monitored

b) So that clients will not be intimidated by the professional in the room

c) So that clients will focus inwardly on their own thoughts

d) So that clients will not be able to see how the analysts react to what they are saying

e) Because, like Freud, psychoanalysts tend to be shy and inhibited

27. In psychoanalysis, the blocking that occurs when the therapy touches on anxiety-evoking thoughts or feelings is called

a) repression.

b) transference.

c) resistance.

d) interpretation.

e) insight.

28. Rachel's therapist asked her to talk about what she had dreamed the previous night. In this case, Rachel is being asked about

a) repressed content.

b) latent content.

c) transfer content.

d) manifest content.

e) subjective content.

29. After Raymond described his dream to his therapist, efforts were made to figure out what the dream meant, or its

a) repressed content.

b) manifest content.

c) latent content.

d) transfer content.

e) subjective content.

30. In psychoanalysis, when a client seems to hesitate when talking about a topic or suddenly changes the topic, it may be a sign of

a) insight.

b) resistance.

c) transference.

d) free association.

e) reaction formation.

31. In psychoanalysis, transference occurs when

a) the client talks freely about whatever comes to mind.

b) the therapist directs some of his or her anxiety toward the client.

c) the manifest content of dreams evolves into latent content.

d) the client begins acting toward the therapist in ways that mirror the client's conflict-ridden relationships with others.

e) the client transfers material from the unconscious mind to the conscious mind.

32. According to Freud, the most important use of interpretation in psychoanalysis is

a) developing strong client skills in free association.

b) helping clients understand the manifest content of their dreams.

c) analyzing the transference relationship.

d) exploring the countertransference.

e) helping clients understand the latent content of their dreams.

33. Iqbal's therapist has started to treat him as if Iqbal were his son. This is an example of

a) repression.

b) rationalization.

c) transference.

d) countertransference.

e) resistance.

34. Barry Leverson is a marriage and family therapist. With one of his male clients, Leverson has developed feelings of competition; he sees the client as a rival. Leverson has begun treating one of his female patients as a rejecting love interest. In psychoanalytic terms, what is Leverson experiencing?

a) Transference

b) Countertransference

c) Resistance with the male client and transference with the female client

d) Resistance

e) Insight

35. Compared to traditional psychoanalysis, modern psychoanalysis includes all of the following EXCEPT

a) more emphasis on sexual issues.

b) less emphasis on the distant past.

c) more emphasis on the client's present relationships.

d) a briefer therapy format.

e) more dialogue between analyst and client.

36. Humanistic therapists explain psychological distress in terms of

a) difficulties in pursuing one's unique potential.

b) maladaptive behavioral patterns due to reinforcements.

c) unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms.

d) dysfunctional thinking patterns.

e) irrational beliefs.

37. Viewing psychological distress in terms of difficulties in pursuing self-actualization is a characteristic of which approach to psychotherapy?

a) Psychodynamic

b) Humanistic

c) Cognitive

d) Behavioral

e) Cognitive-behavioral

38. Carl Rogers is to ________ therapy as Fritz Perls is to ________ therapy.

a) behavioral; Gestalt

b) Ggestalt; client-centered

c) Gestalt; behavioral

d) client-centered; Gestalt

e) client-centered; behavioral

39. Which of the following is a key idea from client-centered therapy?

a) Children should be raised in ways that encourage them to please others.

b) Psychological problems develop from non-conformance.

c) Therapy should be a haven where clients can freely explore their feelings and be themselves.

d) The therapist should always have an active, direct role in the process of healing the client.

e) In therapy, the therapist always leads and the client follows.

40. According to Carl Rogers, the three important components of therapy are unconditional positive regard, empathy, and

a) insight.

b) rapport.

c) transference.

d) interpretation.

e) genuineness.

41. Client-centered therapy can be categorized as being

a) directive

b) confrontational.

c) detached.

d) challenging.

e) empathic.

42. In therapy, unconditional positive regard is

a) being completely accepting of the client.

b) accepting the client only when she or he behaves acceptably.

c) accepting the client only when she or he approaches self-actualization.

d) one of the pitfalls of humanistic therapy.

e) the ability to accurately mirror the client's feelings and experiences.

43. In client-centered therapy, what is empathy?

a) Complete acceptance of the client

b) Acceptance of the client only when therapeutic goals are attained

c) Accurately mirroring the client's experiences and feelings

d) Maintaining a direct, problem-solving focus

e) Demonstration of genuine feelings

44. In client-centered therapy, the therapist's expression of true feelings is the essence of

a) unconditional positive regard.

b) conditional positive regard.

c) self-actualization.

d) genuineness.

e) empathy.

45. Perls was disillusioned with which aspect of psychoanalysis?

a) Implied superiority of males over females

b) Emphasis on early childhood experiences

c) Neglect of clients' present subjective experiences

d) Emphasis on confrontation

e) The notion that psychological problems can simply be unlearned

46. The major goal of Gestalt therapy is

a) uncovering unconscious conflicts.

b) achieving self-actualization.

c) changing behavior.

d) creating a warm and accepting atmosphere for clients to share their feelings.

e) unifying conflicting aspects of personality.

47. Which of the following techniques is used primarily in Gestalt therapy?

a) Empty chair

b) Free association

c) Dream analysis

d) Reflecting back

e) Behavior modification

48. Wally's therapist is using the empty chair technique. He has just placed an empty chair in front of Wally. What will happen next?

a) Wally will sit in it and pretend that he is many years younger.

b) Wally will talk about a person who used to be in his life who is sorely missed.

c) Wally will make believe that the chair has feelings and will engage it in role play.

d) Wally will imagine someone from his past with whom he had a troubled relationship sitting in it.

e) The therapist will sit in it and tell Wally to address him as if he was a person from Wally's past.

49. Brooke goes to a Gestalt therapist. In her therapy, Brooke will probably be encouraged to

a) dwell on early childhood traumas.

b) focus on how she is feeling in the here-and-now.

c) suppress uncomfortable feelings.

d) accept other people unconditionally.

e) focus on her behavior, rather than on her feelings.

50. Behavior therapy has its origins in the work of

a) Freud.

b) Watson.

c) Rogers.

d) Perls.

e) Beck.

51. Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapy?

a) It focuses on changing the client's thoughts and feelings.

b) It focuses on exploring the client's feelings.

c) It helps clients see how their past conflicts affect their current behavior.

d) It is relatively brief, typically lasting only weeks or months.

e) It uses learning principles to help clients achieve a state of self-actualization.

52. Callie is participating in a behavior therapy method in which her therapist first teaches her deep muscle relaxation. What is Callie's therapy of choice?

a) Aversive conditioning

b) Empathic participation

c) Systematic desensitization

d) Client-centered therapy

e) Rational-emotive behavior therapy

53. In-vivo exposure involves self-relaxation training followed by

a) "talk therapy."

b) observing other fearful subjects interact with fearful stimuli.

c) actually interacting with fearful stimuli.

d) observing unafraid others interact with fearful stimuli.

e) imagining fearful stimuli.

54. Which of the following is a component of systematic desensitization?

a) Establishing a fear hierarchy

b) Modeling

c) Developing an aversive response to fear stimuli

d) Developing unconditional positive regard

e) Identifying and correcting irrational beliefs

55. Lakeisha has a snake phobia and decides to see a behavioral therapist. Her therapist suggests systematic desensitization. What is the second step Lakeisha will take in her therapy?

a) Touching a snake

b) Looking at pictures of a snake

c) Learning relaxation techniques

d) Being in the same room as a snake

e) Developing a fear hierarchy for snakes

56. Wanda's therapy involves directly confronting fearful stimuli, little by little, until her fear of the stimulus is reduced or eliminated. Which technique is Wanda's therapist utilizing?

a) Aversive conditioning

b) Transference

c) Modeling

d) Gradual exposure

e) Graduated reconditioning

57. In behavioral therapy, another term for gradual exposure is

a) fear hierarchy.

b) interpretative exposure.

c) in-vivo exposure.

d) transference.

e) virtual exposure.

58. Gradual exposure is used in treating

a) generalized anxiety disorder.

b) identity disorders.

c) neuroses.

d) phobias.

e) somatoform disorders.

59. The text mentions a virtual reality simulation called a virtual bar. What is its purported purpose?

a) To allow people to act as their own lawyers in a virtual trial

b) To promote assertiveness training.

c) To teach people the art of mixing alcoholic drinks

d) To help people overcome social phobia

e) To help people who are problem drinkers

60. Computer technology has been used for a new form of behavioral therapy called

a) eclectic therapy.

b) in-vivo exposure.

c) virtual reality therapy.

d) cybertherapy.

e) online therapy.

61. Generalizing from research presented in the text, what percentage of clients using virtual reality therapy to treat fear of flying are predicted to have success?

a) Less than 10 percent

b) 20 to 30 percent

c) 40 to 60 percent

d) 70 to 80 percent

e) More than 90 percent

62. Regarding the use of virtual reality therapy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a) Therapists are experimenting with the use of virtual bars and crack houses to help substance abusers resist using drugs.

b) In virtual reality therapy, the therapist controls the intensity and range of stimuli used during virtual exposure sessions.

c) With advances in technology, today's virtual reality environment is convincing enough to evoke intense anxiety in fearful people.

d) Therapists envision a time when this therapy could be used to help clients work through unresolved conflicts with significant others by confronting these others virtually.

e) Studies indicate that virtual reality exposure is just as effective as real-life exposure in treating phobias.

63. "Virtual Iraq" is a virtual reality simulation used to help

a) veterans of the Iraqi war who have PTSD.

b) individuals with a fear of flying in airplanes or helicopters.

c) Iraqi children who experienced psychological trauma.

d) individuals with a fear of loud noises.

e) military trainees learn about Arabic culture before they are sent to Iraq.

64. Associating objects that elicit an undesirable response with negative stimuli is the key principle of

a) systematic desensitization.

b) aversive conditioning.

c) modeling.

d) exposure therapy.

e) virtual therapy.

65. Roger has been convicted of sexually assaulting several young children. In prison he undergoes aversion therapy. He is presented with pictures of young children while receiving unpleasant electric shocks. Eventually, pictures of young children become aversive stimuli. In this procedure, the electric shocks are the

a) unconditioned stimulus.

b) conditioned stimulus.

c) conditioned response.

d) unconditioned response.

e) neutral stimulus.

66. Juan is an alcoholic who has not responded to other types of treatment. Juan's therapist suggests aversive conditioning in which Juan will take a nausea-inducing drug at the same time he sniffs beer. In this treatment strategy, the beer is the ________ during conditioning and the ________ after conditioning.

a) unconditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus

b) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

c) conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus

d) neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

e) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

67. Which of the following is an example of aversive conditioning in behavioral therapy?

a) Dr. Angelino instructs teachers to use time-out as punishment when children with ADHD misbehave.

b) Dr. Barbarino teaches Bob and Judy to use a reward system when their daughter behaves in a desirable way.

c) Dr. Chang develops a token economy for use with residents of a mental hospital.

d) Dr. Dorian uses a nausea-inducing drug with his client Winston, who suffers from alcoholism.

e) Dr. Eggleston teaches Edwina to withdraw attention when her child misbehaves.

68. When two-year-old Tommy started screaming that he wanted the toy that the birthday boy just unwrapped, his mother picked him up and carried him away from the partying children to the empty kitchen where she made him stay until he stopped crying. What operant conditioning technique was Tommy's mother using?

a) Token economy

b) Time-out

c) Aversive conditioning

d) Modeling

e) Systematic desensitization

69. Susie, the new aide on the ward, has a chart listing the names of the eight residents under her charge. She tells each one that whenever he or she does what they are expected to, in the way of taking care of themselves or relating to others, a star will be placed next to his or her name. Then, when a patient has ten stars, Susie will let her or him choose a very special prize, such as a DVD, a music CD, or a box of chocolate. Susie is using which operant conditioning technique to shape her patients' behavior?

a) Aversive conditioning

b) Negative reinforcement

c) Chip economy

d) Token economy

e) Time-out

70. The statement in Hamlet, "There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so," expresses the rationale behind which contemporary form of therapy?

a) Behavior modification

b) Cognitive-behavioral therapy

c) Virtual reality therapy

d) Cognitive therapy

e) Eclectic therapy

71. Which approach to therapy combines techniques such as gradual exposure and modeling with efforts to challenge and correct faulty thinking patterns?

a) Humanistic

b) Psychodynamic

c) Cognitive-behavioral

d) Gestalt

e) Gestalt-behavioral

72. Aaron Beck is to ________ therapy as Albert Ellis is to ________ therapy.

a) rational-emotive behavior; cognitive

b) cognitive; Gestalt

c) operant-based behavioral; classical-based behavioral

d) Gestalt; cognitive

e) cognitive; rational-emotive behavior

73. The goal of the cognitive therapist is to help clients

a) discover unconscious conflicts and bring them to the light of awareness.

b) strengthen desirable behavior or weaken undesirable behavior through principles of classical and operant conditioning.

c) blend conflicting parts of their personalities into an integrated whole.

d) recognize and develop their unique potentials.

e) challenge maladaptive thoughts and beliefs and replace them with more adaptive ways of thinking and behaving.

74. Which of the following statements about cognitive therapies is true?

a) Cognitive therapy techniques are based on the view that misfortunes are easy to bear.

b) Cognitive therapies are relatively long forms of treatment.

c) Cognitive therapies focus more on what happened in the past than on what is happening in the present.

d) Clients are given "homework assignments" in cognitive therapy.

e) Cognitive therapists believe that emotional problems are caused by external events.

75. The idea that irrational beliefs lead to emotional distress is at the core of which approach to therapy?

a) Behavior therapy

b) Rational-emotive behavior therapy

c) Humanistic therapy

d) Gestalt therapy

e) Biomedical therapy

76. According to Ellis, all EXCEPT which of the following are IRRATIONAL beliefs?

a) One must always have the approval of virtually all the important people in one's life.

b) It is awful and catastrophic when life does not go the way one wants it to go.

c) One's past must continue to affect one and determine one's behavior.

d) People must treat each other fairly, and it is horrible when they do not.

e) Life's problems don't typically have clear and quick solutions.

77. According to Ellis, negative emotions are

a) inevitable consequences of negative events.

b) automatic reactions of the central nervous system.

c) produced directly by life events.

d) the result of irrational beliefs about life events.

e) logical results of evaluating one's life situation.

78. Diane broke up with Sheldon, so Sheldon told himself that he's a loser and that no other girl will ever come along who will be half as good as Diane. Then he got very depressed and went to see a REBT therapist. Using the "ABC" approach, the therapist showed Sheldon that

a) B alone caused A.

b) A alone caused C.

c) B alone caused C.

d) C alone caused A.

e) C and B caused A.

79. Paul was not given a promotion. He feels upset and disappointed because he considers himself a failure. In this scenario, Paul's view of himself as a failure is the

a) activating event.

b) irrational belief.

c) self-defeating behavior.

d) consequence.

e) outcome.

80. Twenty-five-year-old Lloyd goes to a rational-emotive behavior therapist. He complains that ever since a girl laughed at him when he asked her for a date, in ninth grade, he's been afraid to ask out another girl. The therapist, using the ABCD model, might teach him to correctly identify

a) A as the fact that he was afraid of asking out another girl.

b) B as the girl laughing at him.

c) C as his belief that every subsequent girl will behave in the same way as that first one.

d) D as challenging the belief that every subsequent girl will behave in the same way as that first one.

e) B as the fact that he was afraid of asking out another girl.

81. Beck refers to errors in thinking as

a) cognitive appraisals.

b) faulty attributions.

c) cognitive distortions.

d) activating events.

e) irrational beliefs.

82. Shannon goes to a cognitive therapist, who gives her the following assignment: "Next time you have a negative thought, investigate it to determine whether it is valid." Which therapeutic technique is Shannon's therapist using?

a) Reality testing

b) Empathy

c) Validity training

d) Gradual exposure

e) Interpretation

83. Which of the following statements is true with respect to rational-emotive behavior therapy and cognitive therapy?

a) Only cognitive therapy focuses on helping people identify dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs.

b) Only Beck was originally trained as a psychoanalyst; Ellis was not.

c) Cognitive therapy involves the use of homework assignments, whereas REBT does not.

d) Cognitive therapy usually adopts a more confrontational approach in dealing with clients' irrational beliefs than does REBT.

e) Both types of therapy focus on helping people replace maladaptive thoughts with adaptive, rational ones.

84. Which of the following statements is true of eclectic therapists?

a) They do not believe in any form of therapy.

b) They generally adhere to behavioral principles.

c) They are most often humanistic therapists.

d) They are more often psychiatrists than psychologists.

e) They integrate approaches from many different perspectives.

85. In a study reported in the text, which orientation is the most widely endorsed among clinical and counseling psychologists?

a) Eclectic/integrative

b) Cognitive

c) Behavioral

d) Psychoanalytic

e) Rogerian/humanistic

86. Which type of therapy focuses on helping families change disruptive patterns of communication and improve the ways in which members relate to each other?

a) Group therapy

b) Marital therapy

c) Couples therapy

d) Family therapy

e) Conjoint therapy

87. All of the following are advantages of group therapy over individual therapy EXCEPT:

a) Group therapy allows the client to see how others have coped with similar problems.

b) Group therapy is especially helpful for people experiencing problems such as loneliness and shyness.

c) Those in group therapy have the extra benefit of social support from the group.

d) Clients feel safer expressing their feelings in a group setting.

e) Group therapy is usually less costly than individual therapy.

88. Which of the following statements regarding group therapy is true?

a) Effective therapists encourage group members to take turns in dominating the discussion.

b) Group therapy is more costly than individual therapy.

c) Group therapy is not beneficial for people who have interpersonal problems such as shyness and low self-esteem.

d) Information disclosed by group members is not considered confidential.

e) Group therapy is not appropriate for those who seek a deep exploration of their feelings.

89. A friend approaches you and asks, "Is psychotherapy effective?" Which of the following is the most reasonable answer for you to make?

a) "There is not enough research to suggest whether or not psychotherapy is effective."

b) "Yes, people who participate in psychotherapy are more likely to achieve a good outcome than those who go untreated, and it appears that cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most effective type."

c) "Yes, people who participate in psychotherapy are more likely to achieve a good outcome than those who go untreated, and it appears that humanistic therapy is the most effective type."

d) "Yes, people who participate in psychotherapy are more likely to achieve a good outcome than those who go untreated, but there is continued debate about whether some forms of therapy are more effective than others."

e) "No, evidence suggests that drug therapy is more effective than psychotherapy."

90. A technique that consolidates results from a large number of studies is

a) analytic analysis.

b) meta-analysis.

c) comparative analysis.

d) reduction analysis.

e) longitudinal analysis.

91. An analysis of 400 controlled studies evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy found that the average person receiving therapy did better than approximately what percentage of people placed on waiting lists for therapy?

a) 60 percent

b) 70 percent

c) 80 percent

d) 90 percent

e) 100 percent

92. Meta-analyses of the effectiveness of psychotherapy suggest that

a) traditional psychoanalysis is generally the most effective form of therapy.

b) behavior therapy is generally the most effective form of therapy.

c) humanistic therapy is generally the most effective form of therapy.

d) there is little difference in the overall effectiveness of the different forms of therapy.

e) group therapy is generally the most effective form of therapy.

93. Humanistic therapies demonstrate most effectiveness in helping individuals

a) with eating disorders.

b) with borderline personality disorder.

c) with anxiety disorders such as social phobia, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

d) develop their sense of self, connect with their feelings, and realize their full potential.

e) who have developmental disabilities.

94. Some forms of psychodynamic therapy have been shown effective in treating which of the following personality disorders?

a) Antisocial

b) Borderline

c) Histrionic

d) Narcissistic

e) Schizoid

95. Therapies that are judged to have demonstrated effectiveness in scientifically based studies are called

a) substantiated treatments.

b) eclectic treatments.

c) scientific therapies.

d) meta-analyzed treatments.

e) empirically supported treatments.

96. The therapist is most likely to assume a probing role in ________, and an active, problem-solving role in ________

a) client-centered therapy; modern psychodynamic therapy

b) REBT; classic psychodynamic therapy

c) Gestalt therapy; client-centered therapy

d) cognitive therapy; Gestalt therapy

e) modern psychodynamic therapy; behavioral therapy

97. In the evaluation of different types of therapies, common characteristics of all types of therapy under study are referred to as

a) core practices.

b) basic features.

c) shared approaches.

d) nonspecific factors.

e) placebo effects.

98. Vanessa feels an attachment toward her therapist and the therapy process. Vanessa's experience is referred to as

a) attachment disorder.

b) countertransference.

c) the therapeutic alliance.

d) the nonspecific factors.

e) interpersonal psychotherapy.

99. In therapy, clients' responses to positive expectancies (for example, the expectation of improving) are called

a) placebo effects.

b) nonspecific effects.

c) countertransference.

d) transference.

e) virtual expectations.

100. One important consideration for a therapist to keep in mind when treating African Americans is their

a) open display of emotions.

b) history of racial discrimination and oppression.

c) willingness to share personal information.

d) lack of insight into the psychological origins of problems.

e) tendency to place too much trust in White authority figures.

101. Which of the following statements is t rue of minority group members' access to mental health care?

a) They are just as likely to have health insurance as members of the majority group.

b) They are more likely than members of the majority to feel that there is a stigma to attached to seeking mental health care.

c) They are likely to have access to treatment providers who share their ethnicity.

d) They are more likely to have their mental disorders diagnosed than are members of the majority group.

e) They are likely to have no difficulty in finding treatment providers who speak their language.

102. Which of the following statements is NOT true of Asian Americans in a therapeutic setting?

a) They are likely to be more reluctant than others to show emotion.

b) They tend to emphasize individuality over the group.

c) They may look to the therapist as an authority figure.

d) Their therapists may need to adjust the therapeutic approach to reflect Asian cultural values.

e) They may view disclosure of emotion as reflective of poor upbringing.

103. Dr. Stevenson just began a job treating Hispanic Americans in a rural clinic. An important cultural consideration for Stevenson to consider is the tendency for Hispanic Americans to

a) be reserved rather than displaying emotion.

b) view the therapist as an authority figure.

c) place a strong emphasis on family interdependency.

d) be guarded and secretive when interacting with other groups.

e) express emotional problems through physical symptoms.

104. Regarding culturally sensitive therapeutic treatments, therapists need to do which of the following?

a) Consistently apply the same therapeutic techniques to all cultural groups.

b) Be able to relate to the client's world and adjust their treatment approaches accordingly.

c) Be self-confident and refrain from examining themselves for possible hidden biases.

d) Be guided by the available evidence on the effectiveness of particular therapies across the board, regardless of patients' ethnicity.

e) Realize that attempting to address the client in his or her own native language might be construed as an insult.

105. Summarize the major approaches to psychotherapy.

106. A(n) ________ drug typically acts on the neurotransmitter GABA.

a) antianxiety

b) antidepressant

c) antipsychotic

d) antimanic

e) mood-stabilizing

107. Dharma has been given a drug that makes the GABA receptors in her brain more sensitive. The drug might be which of the following?

a) Elavil

b) Prozac

c) Valium

d) Zoloft

e) Clozapine

108. Gloria has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. She will most likely be treated with

a) Tofranil.

b) Xanax.

c) Nardil.

d) Prozac.

e) Thorazine.

109. Minor tranquilizer drugs are also called

a) antidepressants.

b) antimanic drugs.

c) antipsychotics.

d) tricyclics.

e) antianxiety drugs.

110. Antidepressants typically work on which neurotransmitters?

a) GABA and serotonin

b) Serotonin and norepinephrine

c) Norepinephrine and dopamine

d) Dopamine and GABA

e) Serotonin and epinephrine

111. ________ are antidepressants.                                                                                            

a) Phenothiazines

b) MAO inhibitors

c) Dopamine blockers

d) Major tranquilizers

e) Minor tranquilizers

112. Hugo has major depression. He might be treated with which of the following?

a) Tofranil

b) Risperidone

c) Cylert

d) Mellaril

e) Librium

113. Tricyclic antidepressants raise brain levels of neurotransmitters by

a) increasing the production of neurotransmitters.

b) reducing the breakdown of neurotransmitters.

c) interfering with the reuptake process.

d) increasing receptors for neurotransmitters.

e) making receptors for neurotransmitters more sensitive.

114. Which of the following statements is true about the use of antidepressants?

a) All antidepressants inhibit the actions of the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which normally breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse.

b) The use of antidepressants in outpatient treatment has decreased sharply in recent years.

c) In an overdose situation, SSRIs present a greater danger than the tricyclics.

d) Tricyclics and SSRIs are about equally effective in treating depression, but SSRIs have more severe side effects.

e) Antidepressants also have therapeutic benefit in treating a variety of anxiety disorders, as well as bulimia.

115. Which type of antidepressant has the lowest rate of severe side effects?

a) SSRIs

b) MAO inhibitors

c) Tricyclics

d) Phenothiazines

e) None of these; they all have the same rate of severe side effects.

116. Which of the following are SSRIs?

a) Tofranil and Elavil

b) Valium, Librium, and Xanax

c) Prozac and Zoloft

d) Clozapine, Risperdone, and Olanzapine

e) Nardil and Parnate

117. In addition to treating depression, bulimia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, antidepressants are effective in treating which of the following?

a) Autism

b) ADHD

c) Social phobia

d) Schizophrenia

e) The manic phase of bipolar disorder

118. Most of the antipsychotic drugs target which neurotransmitter?

a) Serotonin

b) Dopamine

c) Acetylcholine

d) GABA

e) Norephinephrine

119. Major tranquilizer is to ________ as minor tranquilizer is to ________.

a) antipsychotic; antianxiety

b) antipsychotic; antidepressant

c) antidepressant; antipsychotic

d) antidepressant; antianxiety

e) antianxiety; antipsychotic

120. The first class of antipsychotics were the

a) MAO inhibitors.

b) tricyclics.

c) SSRIs.

d) phenothiazines.

e) minor tranquilizers.

121. Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

a) Thorazine

b) Antipsychotic

c) Prozac

d) Phenothiazine

e) Major tranquilizer

122. Phenothiazines would be used to treat which of the following people?

a) Toby, who has schizophrenia

b) Kirsten, who has bulimia

c) Sami, who has bipolar disorder

d) Michelle, who has an anxiety disorder

e) Alfred, who has major depression

123. The development of which class of drugs revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia?

a) MAO inhibitors

b) Phenothiazines

c) Serotonin-reuptake inhibitors

d) Minor tranquilizers

e) Tricyclics

124. Gail suffers from bipolar disorder. Which drug can her doctor prescribe to try to help stabilize Gail's mood swings and reduce the risk of recurrent manic episodes?

a) Thorazine

b) Prozac

c) Lithium

d) Librium

e) Ritalin

125. Attention deficits and disruptive behavior in hyperactive children may be treated with

a) alprazolam (Xanax).

b) fluoxetine (Prozac).

c) methylphenidate (Ritalin).

d) sertraline (Zoloft).

e) phenelzine (Nardil).

126. Taylor takes Ritalin to treat his ADHD. The drug's effectiveness may be based on its ability to increase the activity of which neurotransmitter in Taylor's cerebral cortex?

a) Dopamine

b) Serotonin

c) GABA

d) Melatonin

e) Norepinephrine

127. Dr. Albert, a psychiatrist, is treating nine-year-old Edward for childhood depression. So far, he has used only cognitive therapy with the child. "I can't understand why you don't just give us a prescription for Prozac," says Edward's mother. Dr. Albert might accurately respond by pointing out that antidepressant drugs

a) are used only with adults.

b) increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children.

c) are associated with tardive dyskinesia.

d) are much less effective with depressed children than is psychotherapy .

e) carry a risk of addiction if used regularly over time.

128. Jewel takes an antianxiety drug for the treatment of her panic disorder. She experiences a common side effect from her treatment. Which side effect does Jewel experience?

a) Sexual dysfunction

b) Lack of appetite

c) Agitation

d) Drowsiness

e) Muscular tremors

129. Common side effects of antidepressants are

a) muscle ache and drowsiness.

b) agitation and aggression.

c) sexual dysfunction and dry mouth.

d) muscular tremors.

e) impairments in memory.

130. Nedra takes an antipsychotic drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. Nedra has developed a movement disorder in which she involuntarily smacks her lips and makes facial grimaces. What is the name of Nedra's movement disorder?

a) Psychotic akinesia

b) Hypochondriasis

c) Tardive dyskinesia

d) Dhat syndrome

e) Facial atrophy

131. Beyond the fact that it can lead to psychological and physiological dependence, what is a primary disadvantage of taking the antianxiety drug Valium?

a) It can be deadly when mixed with alcohol.

b) It is overused in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

c) It can have very toxic effects and produce mild impairments in memory.

d) Its use may lead to the development of a disabling movement disorder.

e) A significant percentage of relapses occur in patients who use this drug.

132. Electroconvulsive shock therapy is effective in treating

a) schizophrenia.

b) generalized anxiety disorder.

c) severe depression.

d) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

e) dissociative identity disorder.

133. Which of the following statements is true about electroconvulsive therapy?

a) In ECT, a very mild jolt of electricity is passed through the head.

b) There is no need to anesthetize patients before administering ECT.

c) For those who receive ECT, the memory of the experience is very strong.

d) ECT is usually administered in two treatments over two consecutive days.

e) Many mental health professionals view ECT as a "last resort" treatment.

134. Marjorie receives treatment for depression. In her treatment, Marjorie receives jolts of electricity through her head. What is Marjorie's treatment?

a) Aversive conditioning

b) Prefrontal lobotomy

c) Systematic desensitization

d) Psychosurgery

e) Electroconvulsive therapy

135. Of the following patients receiving treatment for depression, which is most likely to be a candidate for electroconvulsive therapy?

a) Ang, who has a mild case of depression

b) Bobbie, who has a moderate case of depression

c) Courtney, who has a severe case of depression that seems to be responding to drugs and cognitive-behavioral therapy

d) Damien, who has a severe case of depression that has not responded to other forms of treatment

e) Edgar, who is suffering from schizophrenia

136. Which of the following statements is true about prefrontal lobotomy?

a) Althou