PSYC Psychology Chapter 16 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

PSYC Psychology Chapter 16 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

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1. What do we call the process by which we come to form an understanding of our social environment?

a) Social psychology

b) Social perception

c) Self-fulfilling prophecy

d) Stereotyping

e) Impression formation

2. When Ron goes out on first dates, he acts the part of a strong, silent type, disclosing few details about himself. Consequently, his dates probably perceive him as being

a) insecure.

b) stuck up.

c) mature.

d) shy.

e) poorly adjusted.

3. Impression formation concerns

a) our efforts to make a good impression on someone.

b) the process by which people form opinions of others.

c) the tendency to give first impressions too much emphasis.

d) the tendency to ignore first impressions.

e) the expectation that someone will behave the way you predict.

4. When John and Mary go on their first date, John reveals extensive personal information to Mary. What is the most likely result of John's self-disclosure?

a) It will help their relationship become stronger.

b) It will lead Mary to form a negative first impression of John.

c) It will lead Mary to form a positive first impression.

d) It will help strengthen Mary's stereotype about men.

e) It will have no effect on Mary's opinion or on their relationship.

5. Compared to people from the West, people in East Asian societies are predicted to do which of the following?

a) Disclose less about themselves

b) Disclose more about themselves

c) Have high regard for people who disclose personal information

d) Ask very personal questions when first meeting someone

e) Hold negative impressions of people who do not disclose personal information

6. On their first date, Angelo told Robyn detailed stories of being physically abused by his parents. As a result, Robyn will most likely

a) feel very comfortable because of Angelo's honesty.

b) be flattered that Angelo confided in her.

c) want to know even more on the next date.

d) see Angelo as a sensitive and trustworthy individual.

e) feel that Angelo is insecure and poorly adjusted.

7. A mental image or representation that a person uses to understand his or her social environment is called a

a) situational attribution.

b) fundamental attribution error.

c) dispositional attribution.

d) social schema.

e) self-fulfilling prophecy.

8. When Anne first met Jules, he had been suffering from insomnia and was a little short-tempered. Subsequently, when she was around Jules, she interpreted a lot of what he did as reflecting his hostile personality. This reflects the power of

a) social schemas.

b) stereotyping.

c) discrimination.

d) cognitive dissonance.

e) self-fulfilling prophecies.

9. Stereotypes are

a) examples of deviant cognitive processing.

b) considered normal cognitive processing.

c) always inaccurate.

d) always negative.

e) always positive.

10. Angela believes that all older people are forgetful. Angela is demonstrating

a) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

b) the fundamental attribution error.

c) cognitive dissonance.

d) stereotyping.

e) a dispositional cause.

11. Randy believes that all people from Cropilia are aggressive. When he meets a Cropilian, he acts more aggressive himself. The Cropilian responds with aggressive behavior, which Randy takes as a confirmation of his belief in their aggressiveness. This best describes

a) cultural stereotyping.

b) a self-serving attribution.

c) the fundamental attribution error.

d) cognitive dissonance.

e) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

12. Stereotypes are best described as

a) inefficient and not necessarily accurate.

b) efficient and accurate.

c) inefficient and accurate.

d) efficient and not necessarily accurate.

e) negative and inefficient.

13. Europeans "justified" their colonial rule in Africa based on the stereotype that Blacks were

a) unable to govern themselves.

b) lazy.

c) dishonest.

d) aggressive.

e) undisciplined.

14. Explanations formed about causes of behavior or events are called

a) stereotypes.

b) attributions.

c) social schemas.

d) attitudes.

e) rationalizations.

15. Paul believes his mother yelled at him because she had a headache. Paul has made a(n)

a) attitude.

b) rationalization.

c) stereotype.

d) attribution.

e) schema.

16. Explaining behavior as the result of someone's internal factors, such as personality, is what type of attribution?

a) External

b) Situational

c) Contextual

d) Dispositional

e) Environmental

17. In attribution theory, dispositional attributions are ________ and situational attributions are ________.

a) accurate; inaccurate

b) efficient; inefficient

c) inefficient; efficient

d) external; internal

e) internal; external

18. A group of students discusses their grades on their first psychology exam. Which student, if any, is making a dispositional attribution?

a) Alana, who says, "I didn't do very well because there was a car alarm blaring every few minutes last night."

b) Glenn, who says, "I did well because the test was really easy."

c) Claire, who says, "The professor thinks I'm cute, so he graded my essays easy."

d) Donal, who says, "My lucky rabbit's foot worked!"

e) Rita, who says, "I aced this test because I took great notes in class."

19. Joylin assumes her husband kicked the dog because the dog had just bitten him. Joylin is making what sort of attribution?

a) Dispositional

b) Personal

c) Internal

d) Situational

e) Cognitive

20. The self-defense explanation of a crime essentially involves convincing the jury to make what sort of attribution about the defendant's actions?

a) Situational

b) Dispositional

c) Personal

d) Cognitive

e) Internal

21. Which of the following terms is most closely related to a dispositional attribution?

a) External

b) Environmental

c) Internal

d) Situational

e) Self-serving

22. Tony made a situational attribution when he said,

a) "I cut my finger because I've always been clumsy with knives."

b) "I lost my keys because I'm not organized."

c) "I missed my dental appointment because I didn't really want to go, so I conveniently forgot."

d) "I ran out of cash because I spent too much at the music store."

e) "I didn't finish my homework because there was a noisy party upstairs."

23. Which of the following statements is true about attributions?

a) The fundamental attribution error accounts for people's tendency to take credit for their successes by explaining away their failures.

b) The actor-observer effect is the tendency to attribute others' behavior to situational causes, while attributing our own behavior to personal reasons.

c) People are not prone to the fundamental attribution error when explaining their own behavior.

d) The self-serving bias is more widespread in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures.

e) In the fundamental attribution error, people overemphasize external causes when explaining others' behavior.

24. The fundamental attribution error involves

a) taking credit for your own good behavior.

b) taking the blame for your own bad behavior.

c) overemphasizing internal factors when explaining the behavior of others.

d) overemphasizing situational factors when explaining the behavior of others.

e) overemphasizing internal factors when explaining personal successes and situational factors when explaining personal failures.

25. Which of the following individuals is making the fundamental attribution error?

a) Alex, who failed his psychology test and passed his biology test and says that his psychology professor made an unfair test, and that he studied hard for the biology test

b) Bernard, who asks a girl in his class for a date, and she responds in a curt, rude manner and he says that she's stuck-up, but what he doesn't realize is that the girl's mother just died

c) Courtney and her friend, who just received grades for their first English composition, on which they both earned A's and Courtney says that she did well because the teacher likes her and her friend did well because she is a talented writer.

d) Dimitria, who, whenever she makes a sale, boasts about her sales skills, but when she fails to make one, she has an excuse for why it did not work out

e) Evaline, who tries to borrow Lynn's notes and when Lynn says "No," thinks, "She must have had a bad experience when someone else borrowed her notes."

26. Jahrul's instructor was very rude the first day of class. Jahrul assumed the instructor was a rude woman. He did not know that she had woken up late, had had a car accident on the way to work, and had been locked out of her office. Jahrul is demonstrating

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) a self-serving bias.

c) cognitive dissonance.

d) the actor-observer effect.

e) the elaboration likelihood model.

27. Compared to people in collectivist cultures, people in individualistic cultures

a) are less prone to make the fundamental attribution error.

b) have a greater tendency to make situational attributions for the behavior of others.

c) are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.

d) emphasize external causes of behavior to explain the behavior of others.

e) rely little on dispositional causes in making attributions.

28. A researcher compares cross-cultural differences in the fundamental attribution error by showing a film of someone stealing and then asking participants to explain why the person stole. Participants from East Asian cultures are most likely to make which attribution?

a) The thief is too lazy to earn money to avoid having to steal.

b) The thief is not intelligent.

c) The thief was born evil.

d) The thief lacks morality.

e) The thief was raised in a family that condoned stealing when money was not available for basic needs.

29. Compared to someone from Japan, someone from Canada is

a) more likely to rely on situational attributions to explain the behavior of others.

b) more likely to make the fundamental attribution error.

c) less likely to make the fundamental attribution error.

d) more likely to rely on external attributions to explain the behavior of others.

e) less likely to rely on internal attributions to explain the behavior of others.

30. The actor-observer effect occurs when people explain

a) their own behavior by making a dispositional attribution.

b) the behavior of others by making a situational attribution.

c) their own behavior and the behavior of others by making a situational attribution.

d) their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution.

e) their own behavior by making a dispositional attribution and the behavior of others by making a situational attribution.

31. When people explain their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution it is called

a) stereotyping.

b) the fundamental attribution error.

c) a self-serving bias.

d) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

e) the actor-observer effect.

32. Heika was passed over for a promotion at work, as was his colleague Lucille. Heika is sure that the boss simply does not like him but that Lucille really is too poor a worker to merit a promotion. This is a case of

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) the actor-observer effect.

c) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

d) cognitive dissonance.

e) stereotyping.

33. When people make dispositional attributions for their successes and make situational attributions for their failures, they are demonstrating

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) the actor-observer effect.

c) a self-serving bias.

d) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

e) the elaboration likelihood model.

34. Mischa believes that she did well on her English exam because she is very intelligent but that she failed her chemistry exam because her instructor is not very good. She is demonstrating

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) reciprocity.

c) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

d) the actor-observer effect.

e) a self-serving bias.

35. Compared to people from collectivist cultures, people from individualistic cultures are

a) less likely to make the fundamental attribution error.

b) more likely to make situational attributions when explaining the behavior of others.

c) less likely to show a self-serving bias.

d) more likely to show a self-serving bias.

e) more likely to attribute success to luck.

36. Which of the following statements is true regarding cross-cultural differences in cognitive biases?

a) People from individualistic cultures are more prone to make the fundamental attribution error and less prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias than are people from collectivist cultures.

b) People from collectivist cultures are more prone to make the fundamental attribution error and less prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias than are people from individualistic cultures.

c) People from individualistic cultures are less prone to make the fundamental attribution error and more prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias than are people from collectivist cultures.

d) People from collectivist cultures are less prone to make the fundamental attribution error and more prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias than are people from individualistic cultures.

e) People from individualistic cultures are more prone to demonstrate a self-serving bias and to the fundamental attribution error than are people from collectivist cultures.

37. Which of the following bolsters self-esteem?

a) The self-serving bias

b) The fundamental attribution error

c) The actor-observer effect

d) The matching hypothesis

e) The self-fulfilling prophecy

38. A judgment of either liking or disliking something or someone is a(n)

a) attitude.

b) attribution.

c) stereotype.

d) emotion.

e) bias.

39. Attitudes consist of which components?

a) Emotions, cognitions, and expectations

b) Emotions, behaviors, and cognitions

c) Cognitions, expectations, and behaviors

d) Cognitions, emotions, and expectations

e) Behaviors, expectations, and cognitions

40. The beliefs involved in an attitude are referred to as

a) emotions.

b) cognitions.

c) behaviors.

d) attributions.

e) dispositions.

41. "Ira has a bad attitude when it comes to Latin," the teacher told his father. "He comes into class and sits in the back reading comic books." The teacher was referring to which component of Ira's attitude?

a) Actual

b) Behavioral

c) Cognitive

d) Emotional

e) Practical

42. Of the following people with attitudes toward hybrid vehicles, which one demonstrates the behavioral component of attitudes?

a) Tony, who says, "Hybrid vehicles cost more than gas vehicles, so they don't save you any money."

b) Grant, who purchases a Toyota hybrid car with his graduation money

c) Jennifer, who gets angry every time she sees someone driving a big SUV

d) Carmella, who says, "I think the government should give bigger tax credits to people who purchase hybrid vehicles."

e) Paulie, who, after looking at a hybrid on a car lot, says, "It's nice, but I worry about its acceleration."

43. How much you like or dislike your psychology professor denotes the ________ component of your attitude toward her, whereas ________ denotes the behavioral component of your attitude.

a) cognitive; how much you look forward to class

b) emotional; what you belief to be her educational background

c) cognitive; your estimate of her expertise

d) emotional; whether or not you pay attention in class

e) cognitive; how much you volunteer in class

44. Christine does not like country music. This feeling reflects which component of her attitude toward country music?

a) Attributional

b) Cognitive

c) Emotional

d) Behavioral

e) Inclinational

45. Marcel protests in front of stores that sell animal furs. This reflects which component of his attitude toward animal furs?

a) Attributional

b) Schematic

c) Emotional

d) Cognitive

e) Behavioral

46. Mehmet thinks that if everybody were a vegetarian, the world would be better off. This reflects which component of Mehmet's attitude?

a) Behavioral

b) Emotional

c) Cognitive

d) Attributional

e) Schematic

47. Attitude research with twins reared apart has revealed

a) significant shared attitudes that cannot be explained by shared environments.

b) almost no similarities in attitudes.

c) similarities in attitudes that reflect shared environments.

d) completely identical attitudes.

e) that people inherit genes for particular attitudes.

48. Which of the following statements is true about the role of heredity in attitudes?

a) Genes play almost no role in developing attitudes.

b) Genes are directly responsible for developing attitudes.

c) Genes account for similarities in attitudes, but not for differences.

d) Genes contribute to factors such as intelligence and temperament that affect the development of attitudes.

e) Genes account for differences in attitudes, but not for similarities.

49. People's behaviors do not always match their attitudes because of

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) the self-serving bias.

c) the actor-observer effect.

d) stereotyping.

e) situational constraints.

50. The relationship between attitudes and behavior is best described as

a) nearly perfect.

b) almost nonexistent.

c) modest.

d) unclear.

e) significant.

51. According to the _______, people are more likely to evaluate a persuasive message carefully when their motivational state is high and when they have the ability or knowledge to evaluate the information.

a) fundamental error of attribution

b) actor-observer discrepancy statement

c) elaboration likelihood model

d) dissonance theory of cognition

e) general adaptation syndrome

52. People are more likely to carefully evaluate a persuasive message when

a) it is consistent with what they already believe.

b) it goes against what they already believe.

c) it concerns something they are ignorant about.

d) they are distracted and the message is not particularly meaningful.

e) they are highly motivated and have the skills or knowledge to evaluate the message.

53. Gina took the peripheral route to persuasion when she

a) signed a petition against taking down an old building that she considers a classic.

b) bought a cell phone just because it was advertised by her favorite rock star.

c) agreed to volunteer and work as a tutor in an elementary school because she loves working with kids.

d) purchased a computer after doing much research online to find the one that had the features she needed.

e) registered for an exercise class because she had put on a few pounds over the winter break.

54. People use a central route of processing information when

a) elaboration likelihood is high.

b) cognitive dissonance is high.

c) attribution strength is high.

d) motivation is low.

e) they lack evaluation skills.

55. According to the elaboration likelihood model, when elaboration likelihood is low, people

a) use a peripheral route of processing information.

b) use a central route of processing information.

c) ignore persuasive messages.

d) focus on aspects of the persuasive message that are consistent with prior beliefs.

e) focus on the content of the message.

56. Careful evaluation of the content of a message is accomplished via which route of processing?

a) Attributional

b) Peripheral

c) Central

d) Dissonant

e) Relational

57. A person is likely to make use of a peripheral route of information processing when

a) elaboration likelihood is low.

b) cognitive dissonance is high.

c) attribution strength is high.

d) motivation is high.

e) special skills or knowledge are needed to evaluate the message.

58. Erika is not registered to vote and lives with her parents. Her friend takes her to a debate about property taxes between two people running for City Council. Erika would probably use which form of processing?

a) Dissonance

b) Central

c) Peripheral

d) Attributional

e) Reciprocal

59. Features of a communicator attempting to deliver a persuasive message are called

a) source variables.

b) attribution variables.

c) message variables.

d) recipient variables.

e) initiating variables.

60. A communicator will most likely be perceived as credible if he or she is

a) attractive.

b) self-confident.

c) similar to the audience.

d) personable.

e) trustworthy.

61. A popular diet company hires a physician to advertise its weight-loss program. Which source variable is the company trying to influence?

a) Likeability

b) Similarity

c) Credibility

d) Originality

e) Attractiveness

62. Using models to sell automobiles most directly addresses which aspect of the source?

a) Credibility

b) Likeability

c) Authenticity

d) Similarity

e) Trustworthiness

63. Which of the following is true regarding persuasive appeals?

a) Messages that are aligned with the perceived interests of the communicator tend to be perceived as more credible.

b) Those of low intelligence or low self-confidence are generally harder to persuade.

c) People in a bad mood tend to be more receptive to persuasive messages than those in a good mood.

d) It does not matter how often a message is repeated, the more people are exposed to it, the more favorably they evaluate it.

e) Communicators who are similar to the audience are perceived more favorably than those who are dissimilar.

64. In persuasion, presenting both sides of an argument is

a) ineffective because it tends to confuse people.

b) ineffective because it seems ambivalent.

c) ineffective with an unknowledgeable audience but effective with a knowledgeable one.

d) almost always effective.

e) effective only when the counter-argument is refuted.

65. Messages are more credible when they

a) reflect the interests of the communicator.

b) go against the interests of the communicator.

c) are irrelevant to the interests of the communicator.

d) are not accompanied by relevant counter-arguments.

e) are not repeated often.

66. A community organization plans to sponsor a talk arguing against increased military spending. Other things being equal, which of the following should they contract to give the talk?

a) An avowed pacifist

b) A civilian

c) A person who actively avoided military service

d) A military officer

e) A person with mixed views on the subject

67. How does the recipient's mood affect persuasion?

a) A good mood makes people more resistant to persuasive messages.

b) A good mood has no effect on persuasive messages.

c) A good mood makes people more receptive to persuasive messages.

d) A good mood makes it easier to ignore persuasive messages.

e) A good mood leads to low elaboration likelihood.

68. Compared to people of higher intelligence, people of lower intelligence are generally

a) incapable of processing persuasive messages.

b) very difficult to persuade.

c) just as easy to persuade.

d) difficult to persuade if the message is complicated.

e) easier to persuade.

69. Three recipient variables that have an influence on persuasion are mood, intelligence, and

a) physical attractiveness.

b) confidence.

c) agreeableness.

d) popularity.

e) risk taking.

70. Summarize the process of making attributions, including the types of biases that influence attributions.

71. Describe the elaboration likelihood model.

72. Research evidence suggests that the major determinant of initial attraction is

a) perceived similarities.

b) novelty.

c) physical attractiveness.

d) internal characteristics.

e) proximity.

73. People are generally attracted to people who

a) are similar to them in personality.

b) are their polar opposites in attitudes.

c) do not live close by.

d) are less attractive than they are.

e) are not interested in them.

74. Similarity is most important in a relationship because it

a) minimizes controversy.

b) gives people something to talk about.

c) provides for validation of each person's self-concept.

d) helps the couple meet other, similar couples.

e) reflects the inner qualities of each individual.

75. Shelly has just signed up for an online dating service. She is tested on the Big Five personality traits and is presented with the results. Then she is asked to specify where on the five factors she sees her ideal match. What is she likely to say?

a) She will want someone who matches her scores on all five dimensions.

b) She will want someone who is more extraverted and agreeable but less neurotic, conscientious, or open.

c) She will want someone who is more conscientious and open but less neurotic, extraverted, or agreeable.

d) She will want someone who scored lower than she did on all dimensions.

e) She will want someone who outscored her on all dimensions except neuroticism.

76. In accounting for attraction, men place more emphasis than women on

a) physical appearance.

b) intelligence.

c) attitude similarity.

d) income.

e) education.

77. The one exception to the "what is beautiful is also good" stereotype is that compared to less attractive peers, attractive people are generally seen as

a) less intelligent.

b) less popular.

c) psychologically less well adjusted.

d) vain and immodest.

e) more socially awkward.

78. Faces are rated as more attractive when they have which of the following features?

a) Eyes that are close together

b) Thick cheeks

c) A small nose

d) A thin lower lip

e) A large chin

79. Which of the following statements is true about the role of physical appearance in attraction?

a) There is much variation in the characteristics considered ideal for the female face.

b) People who wear glasses tend to be perceived as less attractive, intelligent, honest, and reliable than people who wear contact lenses or no glasses.

c) Being tall pays off; height is related to higher incomes.

d) Large eyes and lips add to the "sexiness" of males more than to that of females.

e) The female ideal is associated with thinness in every society.

80. The matching hypothesis predicts that Sandra will look for a partner who

a) lives near her apartment.

b) is similar to her in physical attractiveness.

c) regularly compliments her.

d) practices the same religion that she does.

e) has about the same IQ as she does.

81. Making friends with neighbors supports which influence on attraction?

a) Matching

b) Reciprocity

c) Attractiveness

d) Similarity

e) Proximity

82. Carlotta has recently befriended Phyllis, who has been driving Carlotta's children to day care. The new friendship is most likely based on

a) matching.

b) proximity.

c) similarity.

d) indebtedness.

e) reciprocity.

83. Which of the following statements regarding the role of reciprocity in relationships is true?

a) Restaurant patrons resent waitresses who attempt to curry favor with them in order to get a generous tip.

b) The mere fact that someone does you a favor does not mean you are likely to be attracted to that person.

c) Waitresses received better tips when they gave the customers pieces of chocolate along with their checks.

d) When waitresses wrote messages on the back of their customers' bills, they received smaller tips.

e) People do not tend to be attracted to others just because those others are attracted to them.

84. Which researcher distinguishes two types of motives that underlie helping behavior and suggests that there is such a thing as pure altruism?

a) C. Daniel Batson

b) John Darley

c) Theodore Adorno

d) Claude Steele

e) Solomon Asch

85. Which researchers are associated with the study of bystander intervention?

a) Asch and Milgram

b) Steele and Adorno

c) Zajonc and Cialdini

d) Janis and Batson

e) Latane and Darley

86. Jamal is in a situation where another person needs help. According to the decision-making model of bystander intervention, Jamal's first step will be

a) choosing a way to help.

b) interpreting the event as an emergency.

c) assuming personal responsibility.

d) recognizing a need for help.

e) implementing his decision to help.

87. In the decision-making model of bystander intervention, what is the last step?

a) Deciding that a need for help exists

b) Deciding what type of help to give

c) Deciding to implement a course of action

d) Deciding that the situation is a clear emergency

e) Deciding to assume responsibility for providing assistance

88. Dr. Vanchella suspects that one of her students does not have any money for food. She arranges for money to be put on the student's meal card without telling the student. Which term best describes Vanchella's motive?

a) Self-centered

b) Prosocial

c) Reciprocal

d) Conformist

e) Altruistic

89. Which of the following statements regarding influences on helping is true?

a) People are more likely to help a victim if they make an internal attribution about the cause of the victim's circumstances.

b) The presence of others increases the likelihood that someone will choose to help.

c) People are much less likely to offer help in ambiguous situations than in clear-cut situations.

d) Similarity, mood, and gender have little effect on helping behavior.

e) People are more likely to provide help when they are traveling in a strange city than when they are back home.

90. The famous case of Kitty Genovese best represents which concept from social psychology?

a) Attraction

b) Conformity

c) Obedience

d) Diffusion of responsibility

e) Prejudice

91. Research on factors that influence helping behavior suggests that

a) people who fail to assist others in need are generally more apathetic and cold-hearted than those who choose to help.

b) the likelihood of helping increases as the perceived cost to the helper declines.

c) people are more likely to help others who dress differently than those dressed in the same type of attire as themselves.

d) the presence of others increases the chances that a person will provide help.

e) Women in need and men in need are equally likely to receive help.

92. Which of the following statements regarding prejudice is true?

a) Prejudices are formed without critical thought or evaluation of facts.

b) Prejudice and discrimination usually decrease during economic downturns.

c) Prejudice is a relatively new phenomenon in human history.

d) Stereotypes and prejudice are relatively easy to change.

e) Only some people are prejudiced.

93. Discrimination represents which attitudinal component of prejudice?

a) Cognition

b) Behavior

c) Feeling

d) Emotion

e) Belief

94. Barbara, who is Irish, believes that all Italians are emotional and love to eat. Barbara's beliefs are an example of

a) in-group favoritism.

b) discrimination.

c) out-group homogeneity.

d) out-group heterogeneity.

e) out-group favoritism.

95. Which of the following definitions best describes out-group negativism?

a) The belief that members of other groups hold prejudiced attitudes toward members of one's own group

b) The perception that members of out-groups are more alike than members of in-groups

c) A predisposition to attribute more positive characteristics to members of in-groups than to members of out-groups

d) A sense of threat evoked in members of stereotyped groups

e) A predisposition to attribute more negative characteristics to members of out-groups than to members of in-groups

96. Which personality type has been found to be associated with the development of prejudice?

a) Authoritarian

b) Authoritative

c) Obsessive-compulsive

d) Antisocial

e) Universalist

97. What is the term for a cognitive framework, found in low-prejudiced individuals, in which the person tends to look more at the similarities among people than at their differences?

a) Authoritarian schema

b) Self-serving bias

c) Universalist orientation

d) Authoritative schema

e) Diffusion of responsibility

98. A negative bias toward members of other racial group is termed

a) authoritarianism.

b) altruism.

c) discrimination.

d) prosocial behavior.

e) racism.

99. The concept of a "threat in the air" best describes

a) inter-group threat.

b) the fundamental attribution error.

c) the actor-observer effect.

d) stereotype threat.

e) out-group negativism.

100. In a study of stereotype threat, a golf task was presented either as tapping "natural athletic ability" or as measuring "sports intelligence." What were the findings of the study?

a) White students underperformed on the task in both conditions.

b) Black students underperformed when the task was tapping "natural athletic ability," but not when it was presented as measuring "sports intelligence." The reverse was true for White students.

c) Black students underperformed on the task in both conditions.

d) Black students underperformed when the task was presented as measuring "sports intelligence," but not when it was presented as tapping "natural athletic ability." The reverse was true for White students.

e) Both Black students and White students failed to do well on the task regardless of how it was presented.

101. In one research study, students at Stanford University took a test of the most difficult verbal items from the SAT. Before taking the test, one group was told that the test measured intellectual ability, and the second group was told it was a laboratory problem-solving task unrelated to intellectual ability. What were the results?

a) Black students underperformed White students of equal aptitude in both conditions.

b) White students underperformed Black students of equal aptitude in both conditions.

c) Black students underperformed White students of equal aptitude in the first group and performed equally well in the second group.

d) Black students underperformed White students of equal aptitude in the second group and performed equally well in the first group.

e) White students underperformed Black students of equal aptitude in the first group and outperformed Black students in the second group.

102. Initial research suggests that exposure to stereotype threat may contribute to which medical problem found at higher rates among African Americans?

a) Hypertension

b) Diabetes

c) Coronary heart disease

d) Cancer

e) Obesity

103. The contact hypothesis suggests that prejudice

a) can be reduced by bringing groups into contact with each other.

b) is the result of groups being brought into contact with each other.

c) results in increased group interaction.

d) results in decreased group interaction.

e) will be more apparent in situations of intergroup cooperation.

104. Who proposed the contact hypothesis as a model for reducing prejudice?

a) Theodore Adorno

b) Stanley Milgram

c) Albert Bandura

d) Gordon Allport

e) Irving Janis

105. Attempting to reduce prejudice by bussing some majority students to minority schools and some minority students to majority schools is suggested by

a) the fundamental attribution error.

b) the matching hypothesis.

c) the contact hypothesis.

d) cognitive dissonance.

e) in-group favoritism.

106. In order for intergroup contact to have a desirable effect on prejudice and intergroup tension, all of the following conditions are necessary EXCEPT

a) opportunities for members to become acquainted.

b) equal status for all group members.

c) explicit rules for interaction.

d) social and institutional support.

e) intergroup cooperation.

107. Telling oneself NOT to think in stereotypical terms

a) is an effective way to combat prejudice.

b) has no effect on prejudice.

c) can combat prejudice among minority members.

d) can combat prejudice among majority members.

e) may actually increase prejudice.

108. All of the following are predicted to help an individual reduce prejudice and stereotypical thinking EXCEPT

a) consciously suppressing stereotypes to push them out of awareness.

b) participating in diversity education.

c) rehearsing positive images of out-group members.

d) taking part in cooperative works or projects in which one can interact with people of different backgrounds.

e) developing empathy.

109. Contemporary theorists are LEAST likely to choose which factor to explain human aggression?

a) Biological influences

b) Sociocultural influences

c) Alcohol and other drugs

d) Environmental factors, such as heat

e) Instinct

110. One possible biological explanation for aggression may involve the neurotransmitter

a) dopamine.

b) serotonin.

c) acetylcholine.

d) GABA.

e) immunoglobulin A.

111. Which neurotransmitter is sometimes compared to a "behavioral seat belt" because of the role it seems to play in curbing impulsive behavior?

a) Immunoglobulin A

b) Dopamine

c) GABA

d) Acetylcholine

e) Serotonin

112. Which of the following statements is true of the role of testosterone in aggression?

a) All aggressive, violent men have high testosterone levels.

b) Testosterone levels are linked to violence, but only in males.

c) Testosterone levels are linked to violent behavior in both men and women.

d) There is no clear link between level of testosterone and aggression.

e) Most men with high testosterone levels engage in violent behavior.

113. Your psychology professor says, "Aggression is a learned behavior that is acquired through reinforcement, observation, and imitation." Her perspective is most consistent with which viewpoint?

a) Sociocultural

b) Social-cognitive

c) Evolutionary/instinct

d) Biological

e) Psychodynamic

114. A group of psychologists discuss the causes of aggression. Which psychologist speaks from a sociocultural perspective?

a) Dr. Sherry, who says, "Violent behavior is perpetuated through generations as children observe the adults in their lives use violence to solve their problems."

b) Dr. Wendrowski, who says, "Men have higher levels of testosterone than women, and research evidence shows that males are more aggressive than females across many cultures."

c) Dr. Reeves, who says, "Interpersonal violence takes place in the context of poverty, unemployment, and violent communities."

d) Dr. Bowen, who says, "High temperatures cause people to be aggressive by increasing their hostile thoughts and feelings."

e) Dr. Richards, who says, "People act aggressively when they are frustrated."

115. A negative emotional state that happens when efforts to reach one's goals are thwarted is

a) empathy.

b) altruism.

c) aggression.

d) conformity.

e) frustration.

116. After a night of heavy drinking at a bar, a person sensitive to the effects of alcohol is most likely to do which of the following?

a) Act impulsively and punch any person on a whim.

b) Consider the consequences before getting into a fight.

c) Misconstrue a threat as a benign gesture.

d) Take note of the bartender calling the police on his cell phone and leave quickly.

e) Make sure to insult only those that he knows he can take down in a fight.

117. Which two emotions are particularly likely to trigger aggression?

a) Pessimism and anger

b) Frustration and anger

c) Anger and guilt

d) Depression and guilt

e) Frustration and depression

118. What is the influence of temperature on aggression?

a) Temperature does not influence aggression.

b) Extreme cold and hot temperatures are linked to greater aggression.

c) Extreme cold and hot temperatures are linked to less aggression.

d) Hostile thoughts, feelings, and behaviors increase as the temperature rises.

e) Hostile thoughts and feelings decrease as the temperature rises and increase when the temperature cools down.

119. Which of the following statements is true about aggression?

a) Cross-cultural research suggests that males and females are equally aggressive.

b) Aggressive behavior generally decreases as the temperature rises.

c) Abused children often fail to develop empathy and become violent themselves.

d) Most researchers agree that human aggression is instinctive.

e) Because of its depressant effects, alcohol use curbs impulsive behavior, including acts of impulsive violence.

120. Discuss how attraction is influenced by similarity, physical attractiveness, proximity, and reciprocity.

121. Describe the decision-making model of bystander intervention, and then discuss several factors that influence helping behavior.

122. A person's individual identity is best described as his or her

a) social identity.

b) self-concept.

c) self-esteem.

d) autonomous identity.

e) personal identity.

123. Who tends to have the most independent sense of self?

a) Men in collectivist societies

b) Men in individualistic societies

c) Women in collectivist societies

d) Women in individualistic societies

e) Both men and women in individualistic societies have an equally high independent sense of self, and it is higher than that of men and women in collectivist societies.

124. Miguel is asked to describe himself. Which of Miguel's statements represents his personal identity?

a) "I am a Latino American."

b) "I am Buddhist."

c) "I am intelligent and creative."

d) "I am Carla and Manuel's son."

e) "I am a college student."

125. The tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures is called

a) obedience.

b) conformity.

c) attribution.

d) prejudice.

e) compliance.

126. Who conducted an influential study on conformity?

a) Asch

b) Milgram

c) Darley

d) Festinger

e) Zajonc

127. The explicit task in the Asch study of conformity involved

a) recognizing pictures of people.

b) administering electric shocks to people.

c) judging the length of lines.

d) arguing against one's own belief.

e) performing easy and difficult tasks in front of others.

128. When it comes to conformity, research shows that a(n) ________ is more likely to conform than a(n) ________.

a) male; female

b) person with a low need for social approval; person with a high need for social approval

c) person with low self-esteem; person with high self-esteem

d) older adult; child

e) socially confident person; socially shy person

129. Experiments on conformity similar to that described in the text suggest that conformity decreases under which of the following conditions?

a) When people give their responses in public rather than in private

b) When the size of the group decreases

c) When the task becomes more ambiguous

d) When there is another person who does not conform

e) When the size of the group increases above five members

130. In the famous study on conformity presented in the text, approximately what percentage of college students sided with the incorrect majority at least once?

a) 35 percent

b) 90 percent

c) 75 percent

d) 50 percent

e) 66 percent

131. Studies of gender differences in conformity suggest that compared to men, women are

a) much more likely to conform.

b) slightly more likely to conform.

c) equally likely to conform.

d) slightly less likely to conform.

e) much less likely to conform.

132. Compared to people from individualistic cultures, people from collectivist cultures are

a) much less likely to conform.

b) slightly less likely to conform.

c) equally likely to conform.

d) more likely to conform.

e) more likely to conform, but only if it is in private.

133. The process of acceding to the requests or demands of another is called

a) reciprocity.

b) conformity.

c) compliance.

d) social validation.

e) social facilitation.

134. Convincing someone to do a small favor makes it easier to convince that person to do a larger favor. This is an example of which technique of persuasion?

a) Low-ball

b) Foot-in-the-door

c) Bait-and-switch

d) High-ball

e) Door-in-the-face

135. People with a high need for consistency are more likely to be susceptible to which compliance technique?

a) Low-ball

b) High-ball

c) Door-in-the-face

d) Switch-and-pay

e) Foot-in-the-door

136. JoAnne goes to the local electronics store to purchase a $30 DVD player that was advertised in the paper. When she gets there, the salesperson tells her that they have just run out and offers to show JoAnne some other models. JoAnne ends up purchasing a $150 DVD player. JoAnne has been the victim of which technique of persuasion?

a) Low-ball

b) High-ball

c) Bait-and-switch

d) Foot-in-the-door

e) Door-in-the-face

137. An instructor is looking for ten student volunteers to help set up a fund-raising carnival for learning-disabled children. When he asks in class A, only 1 student volunteers. Then, in class B, he asks if anyone can devote two weeks in the summer to work in a camp for learnin