PSYC Psychology Chapter 7 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

PSYC Psychology Chapter 7 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

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1. Dr. Gregor's research focuses on decision making and problem solving. Dr. Gregor is probably what type of psychologist?

a) Environmental

b) Social

c) Physiological

d) Cognitive

e) Health

2. Cognitive psychologists are likely to study which of the following topics?

a) Social relationships

b) Life span development

c) Genetics

d) Mental illness

e) Information processing

3. One difference between a seen image and one that is imagined is that

a) they activate different parts of the visual cortex.

b) imagined images are less likely to be stored in long-term memory.

c) seen images are more likely to stimulate creative thinking.

d) only imagined images can be manipulated.

e) only seen images facilitate thought processes.

4. The mental representation and manipulation of information is

a) learning.

b) memory.

c) cognition.

d) thinking.

e) perception.

5. A mental image of an event is most like which of the following?

a) A photograph

b) A mirror image

c) A reconstruction

d) An abstraction

e) A video recording

6. Compared to men, women

a) report less vivid images.

b) use more visual imagery to remember past events.

c) are less skilled in visually scanning a mental image.

d) more often use imagery in problem solving.

e) perform worse in forming still images of objects.

7. Which type of imagery is easiest to form?

a) Auditory

b) Tactile

c) Olfactory

d) Gustatory

e) Visual

8. Which of the following is the best definition of a concept?

a) A mental category used to group objects according to shared features

b) A rule of thumb for solving problems or making judgments

c) An original thought

d) A comparison between two things based on similar features

e) A system of communication composed of symbols and following particular rules

9. All of the following are functions of concepts EXCEPT:

a) To help us bring a sense of order to our world

b) To enable us to distinguish threatening from harmless stimuli

c) To help us respond more quickly to events

d) To reduce the need for new learning each time we encounter a familiar object or event

e) To enable us to manipulate mental images

10. Comparing the two types of concepts, logical is to ________ as natural is to ________.

a) intuitive; formal

b) subordinate; superordinate

c) superordinate; subordinate

d) fuzzy; clear

e) clear; fuzzy

11. Concepts defined by specific rules are called

a) natural concepts.

b) intuitive concepts.

c) regular concepts.

d) logical concepts.

e) superordinate concepts.

12. Which of the following is a logical concept?

a) Swimming

b) Jewelry

c) Freedom

d) Oxygen

e) Cereal

13. In the hierarchy of concepts presented in the text, the broadest category of concepts is labeled

a) superordinate.

b) ordinate.

c) subordinate.

d) basic-level.

e) hierarchical.

14. Which of the following best represents basic-level concepts?

a) Compact, French poodle, recliner

b) Car, dog, chair

c) Vehicle, animal, furniture

d) SUV, greyhound, love seat

e) Convertible, dachshund, folding chair

15. Which of the following tots' first word was a subordinate concept?

a) Little Camille's, who said, "Toy"

b) Little Eddie's, who said, "Bottle"

c) Little Harriet's, who said, "Blanket"

d) Little Michael's, who said, "Taxi"

e) Little Doris's, who said, "House"

16. People tend to most readily use

a) superordinate concepts.

b) subordinate concepts.

c) ordinate concepts.

d) basic-level concepts.

e) logical concepts.

17. Children learn to narrow and refine concepts through the use of

a) brainstorming.

b) the representativeness heuristic.

c) analogies.

d) incubation.

e) positive and negative instances.

18. In concept formation, a negative instance

a) can occur only at the subordinate level.

b) can occur only at the basic level.

c) can occur only at the superordinate level.

d) is an example that does not fit the concept.

e) exemplifies a concept.

19. Tyrone is learning to speak. He appeared to generate a negative instance of a concept when he referred to the

a) bottle as "Baba."

b) dog as "Doggie."

c) quilt as "Blanket."

d) mailman as "Dada."

e) toy train as "Choo choo."

20. Karen had been trying to solve a problem for several days, when she experienced a sudden awareness of the correct solution. Karen's experience is an example of

a) linguistic relativity.

b) conceptual expansion.

c) insight.

d) eugenics.

e) a mental set.

21. Köhler is to ________ as Thorndike is to ________.

a) problem solving; decision making

b) algorithms; heuristics

c) insight; trial and error

d) visual imagery; auditory imagery

e) positive instances; negative instances

22. A step-by-step series of rules for solving a problem is called

a) insight.

b) an algorithm.

c) a heuristic.

d) incubation.

e) an analogy.

23. What is the major drawback of algorithms?

a) They tend to lead to confirmation bias.

b) They cause people to rely on the same solutions over and over.

c) They can lead to faulty solutions.

d) They take too long to apply.

e) There may not be any that precisely applies to one's particular problem.

24. Chrissy relies on a rule of thumb to solve her problem. In scientific terms, Chrissy's strategy is called a(n)

a) algorithm.

b) heuristic.

c) natural concept.

d) logical concept.

e) analogy.

25. A heuristic is

a) a step-by-step process for solving a problem.

b) a sudden realization of the correct solution to a problem.

c) the most common type of logical concept.

d) a mental shortcut for solving a problem.

e) a trial-and-error or "hit-or-miss" approach to problem solving.

26. Which heuristic involves breaking a problem down into smaller, more manageable problems?

a) Insight heuristic

b) Backward-working heuristic

c) Creating subgoals

d) Means-end heuristic

e) Functional fixedness

27. After studying the human ear, Alexander Graham Bell applied the idea of a vibrating membrane in his design of the telephone. Which problem-solving strategy did Bell use?

a) Analogy

b) Algorithm

c) Means-end heuristic

d) Backward-working heuristic

e) Incubation

28. Shirley has been working for days on a very difficult crossword puzzle. She decides to set the puzzle aside for a day and come back later to solve the last few items that have eluded her. Which problem-solving technique is Shirley using?

a) Creating subgoals

b) An incubation period

c) A means-ends heuristic

d) A backwards-thinking heuristic

e) A representativeness heuristic

29. A mental set is a

a) type of means-ends heuristic.

b) tendency to rely on strategies that worked previously.

c) sudden awareness of a solution to a problem.

d) form of the backwards-thinking heuristic.

e) respite from active problem-solving efforts.

30. Functional fixedness is

a) the tendency to rely on strategies that have been successful in the past.

b) a type of means-ends heuristic.

c) the inability to see how familiar objects can be used in new ways.

d) a form of backward-thinking heuristic.

e) a respite from problem-solving efforts.

31. When people fail to solve the "box-candle" and "two-string" problems presented in the text, they are demonstrating

a) a means-end heuristic.

b) a backwards-thinking heuristic.

c) an incubation period.

d) functional fixedness.

e) low intelligence.

32. Dawn wanted some cereal. She looked in the cupboard and there were no clean bowls, just cups. Not being in the mood to wash a bowl, she left for work without breakfast. Dawn's failure to realize that she could use a cup to hold the cereal instead of a bowl demonstrates

a) trial and error.

b) insight.

c) a mental set.

d) a heuristic.

e) functional fixedness.

33. Which of the following best describes decision making?

a) Combining two or more concepts into one concept

b) Mentally representing and manipulating information

c) Conceiving of new ways to view situations or new uses for familiar objects

d) Developing new, workable products or solutions to problems

e) Selecting a course of action from a set of available alternatives

34. Celia is a juror at a trial. Based on her reading of newspapers, Celia has already decided that the defendant is guilty. She sticks to her decision even when the defense attorney presents strong contradicting evidence. Celia is demonstrating

a) functional fixedness.

b) a mental set.

c) confirmation bias.

d) an availability heuristic.

e) a representativeness heuristic.

35. A woman who sticks to her belief that her husband is not abusive and discounts evidence of his abusive behavior may be demonstrating

a) functional fixedness.

b) a mental set.

c) a representativeness heuristic.

d) an availability heuristic.

e) confirmation bias.

36. Which cognitive bias underlies our tendency to judge people on the basis of first impressions?

a) Confirmation bias

b) The representativeness heuristic

c) The availability heuristic

d) Framing

e) Functional fixedness

37. When you exhibit the representativeness heuristic, you assume that

a) a sample represents a larger population.

b) easily recalled examples represent more prevalent categories.

c) more people agree with you than actually do.

d) your point of view is unique.

e) an initial hypothesis is correct despite evidence against it.

38. Based on a few interactions with an ethnic group, Darnell has developed a stereotype of that group. Darnell is demonstrating

a) the representativeness heuristic.

b) divergent thinking.

c) the availability heuristic.

d) framing.

e) a mental set.

39. The tendency to base decisions on information that most readily comes to mind is

a) framing.

b) a mental set.

c) the availability heuristic.

d) the representativeness heuristic.

e) convergent thinking.

40. Most people assume there are more words in the English language that begin with the letter k than words that have the letter k in the third position. This may be because it is easier to think of words that begin with k and thus may be an example of

a) the availability heuristic.

b) the representativeness heuristic.

c) framing.

d) a mental set.

e) confirmation bias.

41. Framing is

a) assuming a sample is representative of a larger population.

b) basing decisions on how possible outcomes are phrased.

c) basing decisions on information that comes readily to mind.

d) the inability to see new uses for familiar objects.

e) comparing two items based on similar features or properties.

42. People will accept a bet in which they are told they have an 80 percent chance of winning. However, people are less likely to accept a bet in which they are told they have a 20 percent chance of losing. In reality, both bets are the same. This is an example of which cognitive bias?

a) Mental set

b) The representative heuristic

c) Functional fixedness

d) Confirmation bias

e) Framing

43. Which of the following statements is true about creativity?

a) Few people have the potential to be creative.

b) The more intelligent a person is, the more creative he or she is, as well.

c) Creativity makes more use of convergent thinking than of divergent thinking.

d) Creativity springs from expansion or alteration of familiar concepts.

e) There is no way to measure creativity.

44. Which of the following questions tests for divergent thinking?

a) If Dana is Maya's daughter and Maya is Nancy's aunt, how are Dana and Nancy related?

b) If there were no more clocks or watches, what would be the consequences?

c) If a train leaves the station at 2:00 P.M. and is traveling at 60 miles per hour, at what time will it reach the next station, which is 40 miles down the track?

d) If Johnny gets paid $5 for every lawn he rakes and he raked 24 this week, how much money did he make?

e) If a triangle has one angle that measures 30 degrees and another that measures 110 degrees, how many degrees does the third angle measure?

45. Divergent thinking is

a) conceiving of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for old objects.

b) maintaining an initial hypothesis despite contradictory evidence.

c) relying on previous successful strategies to solve a new problem.

d) making decisions based on how easily information comes to mind.

e) differentiating between positive and negative instances in refining concepts.

46. A major contributor to invention is

a) divergent thinking.

b) confirmation bias.

c) mental set.

d) functional fixedness.

e) framing.

47. Arnold tries to find the single correct solution to his problem. Which mental process is Arnold using?

a) Divergent thinking

b) A mental set

c) Functional fixedness

d) Convergent thinking

e) Metaphor

48. Guilford was a pioneer in the development of tests that measured

a) functional fixedness.

b) divergent thinking.

c) confirmation bias.

d) framing.

e) complexity.

49. A metaphor is a(n)

a) figure of speech that describes one concept as if it was another.

b) comparison between two things based on similarities.

c) comparison between two things based on differences.

d) figure of speech that contrasts one object or concept with another.

e) expansion of familiar concepts into new ones.

50. Aaron used a metaphor when he said,

a) "My book bag feels like a ton of bricks."

b) "My stomach is a rumbling volcano today."

c) "My little brother laughs like a hyena."

d) "My hair is still sticky from the gel I used last night."

e) "My mother has been nagging me all week."

51. The terms voice mail and text message represent which process underlying creative thinking?

a) Conceptual combination

b) Algorithm

c) Analogy

d) Metaphor

e) Conceptual expansion

52. Chef Josie Grossman takes her mother's recipe and adds new, never-used ingredients. Grossman creates a new culinary delight. Which aspect of creativity is this chef demonstrating?

a) Use of the representativeness heuristic

b) Use of metaphor

c) Use of analogy

d) Conceptual combination

e) Conceptual expansion

53. Research suggests that creativity results from the ________ of ________ categories or concepts.

a) careful analysis; relevant

b) expansion or modification; familiar

c) narrowing or limiting; broad

d) jettisoning; obsolete

e) differentiation; parallel

54. Wally is taking the Alternate Uses Test. Wally is being tested for which ability?

a) Visual imagery

b) Decision making

c) Convergent thinking.

d) Divergent thinking.

e) Concept formation

55. Discuss four type of problem-solving strategies.

56. In language, phonemes are to ________ as morphemes are to ________.

a) sound; meaning

b) meaning; sound

c) semantics; syntax

d) syntax; semantics

e) linguistics; grammar

57. How many morphemes are there in the word outsider?

a) One

b) Two

c) Three

d) Four

e) Eight

58. Which of the following words is composed of exactly two morphemes?

a) Late

b) Go

c) Unlikely

d) Farmers

e) Ironed

59. All of the following are phonemes EXCEPT

a) au.

b) g.

c) l.

d) o.

e) ed.

60. The English language has approximately how many phonemes?

a) 26

b) 40

c) 675

d) 30,000

e) 500,000

61. The word ball consists of ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).

a) one; three

b) two; one

c) three; one

d) one; two

e) four; two

62. What is the smallest unit of meaning in a language?

a) A phoneme

b) A morpheme

c) A semantic

d) A syllable

e) A letter of the alphabet

63. Javan's English teacher tells him, "Watch your syntax!" To what is Javan's teacher referring?

a) Word order

b) Word pronunciation

c) Vocabulary

d) Spelling

e) Word meaning

64. Which of the following is true about phonemes?

a) They are the smallest units of meaning in a language.

b) There are more of them than there are morphemes.

c) They are the same in every language.

d) They always sound the same.

e) They combine to form morphemes.

65. The rules governing the meaning of words are called

a) grammar.

b) syntax.

c) morphemes.

d) semantics.

e) linguistics.

66. The language acquisition device

a) is an innate mechanism in the brain for learning language.

b) is a behavioral tendency to attempt to use language.

c) consists of circumstances in the environment that support language development.

d) is a combination of biological and environmental influences on language development.

e) is the ability to use rules of syntax in everyday speech without awareness.

67. The sentence "The bus take I to school" violates the rules of

a) phonemes.

b) morphemes.

c) syntax.

d) semantics.

e) metaphors.

68. The language acquisition device was proposed by

a) Chomsky.

b) Pinker.

c) Whorf.

d) Premack.

e) Savage-Rumbaugh.

69. Norm and Bertha's baby daughter has just begun making cooing sounds. If her development is average, what age is she?

a) 1 week

b) 2 months

c) 3 months

d) 6 months

e) 10 months

70. Beginning the use of one-word phrases is typical for which age group?

a) 3 months

b) 6 months

c) 12 months

d) 15 months

e) 18 months

71. Brenda and Akin's son is able to imitate sounds and can understand some words. He has just begun saying single words. If his development is average, how old is he likely to be?

a) 6 months

b) 9 months

c) 12 months

d) 18 months

e) 21 months

72. What is the sequence for language development?

a) cooing, babbling, crying, one-word phrases, two-word phrases

b) crying, cooing, babbling, one-word phrases, two-word phrases

c) crying, babbling, cooing, one-word phrases, two-word phrases

d) crying, cooing, one-word phrases, babbling, two-word phrases

e) cooing, crying, babbling, one-word phrases, two-word phrases

73. Which of the following statements is true about language development?

a) The rules of grammar don't come naturally to children; they must be taught.

b) Language development varies in different parts of the world.

c) Language development requires both biological capacity and environmental exposure.

d) The language acquisition device is a physical structure located in the left hemisphere of the brain.

e) Language development occurs naturally, and parents cannot affect it one way or another.

74. What were the findings of the landmark study conducted by Eleanor Rosch with the members of a New Guinea tribe, whose language contains only two color names?

a) The Whorfian hypothesis was supported.

b) Because they lacked the vocabulary, the tribe members were unable to recognize most of the colors.

c) It was discovered that the tribe members appeared to be suffering from a rare form of colorblindness.

d) Even though they had no names for them, the tribe members were able to recognize all the colors.

e) Because their language was inadequate, the tribe members made up new words to describe the colors in the study.

75. The belief that language affects how we think was first developed by ________, and this idea is presented in the ________.

a) Chomsky; linguistic relativity hypothesis

b) Whorf; linguistic relativity hypothesis

c) Chomsky; language acquisition hypothesis

d) Sternberg; triarchic linguistic hypothesis

e) Whorf; language acquisition hypothesis

76. David Premack trained chimps to communicate using

a) plastic chips on a magnetic board.

b) American Sign Language.

c) grunts and chimpanzee hand gestures.

d) geometric symbols on a keyboard system.

e) a talking computer.

77. The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that

a) there are innate mechanisms in the brain associated with language learning.

b) there are environmental influences that are important for language learning.

c) the way we think affects the language we use.

d) the language we use determines the way we think.

e) differences in language do not affect our perception of reality.

78. What was the remarkable achievement of Kanzi, the pygmy chimpanzee?

a) He formed sentences by placing plastic chips on a magnetic board.

b) After learning 160 signs, he spontaneously combined them to make original sentences.

c) He learned to communicate using a keyboard just by watching his mother.

d) He demonstrated the ability to use complex syntax and correct grammatical structure.

e) He was the first nonhuman to use American Sign Language.

79. Koko was a gorilla taught to communicate by using

a) a simplified form of human speech.

b) American Sign Language.

c) a computer keyboard.

d) a set of plastic tokens.

e) geometric symbols.

80. Who developed an artificial language based on plastic chips and trained a chimp to communicate with these chips?

a) Beatrice and Allen Gardner

b) Noam Chomsky

c) Benjamin Whorf

d) Eleanor Rosch

e) David Premack

81. Your psychology professor says that apes can use language. What does she mean by this?

a) Apes can be trained to use syntax.

b) Apes can be trained to use grammar.

c) Apes can be trained to communicate through the use of symbols.

d) Apes can be taught a vocabulary comparable to that of a human adolescent.

e) Apes can be taught to read.

82. Scientists believe that the ________ that apes use in communicating with one another may hold clues to the origins of human language.

a) gestures

b) grunts

c) displays of aggression

d) lip smacking and other movements of the mouth

e) tongue displays

83. Describe the stages of language development.

84. Which of the following definitions best describes intelligence?

a) The process of mentally representing and manipulating information

b) A form of problem solving in which a person selects a course of action from the available alternatives

c) Originality of thought associated with the development of new, workable products or solutions

d) The ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for familiar objects

e) The capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment

85. Who defined intelligence as "the global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment"?

a) Alfred Binet

b) Lewis Terman

c) Robert Sternberg

d) David Wechsler

e) Theodore Simon

86. Initially, like many other scientists of his time, Binet thought that intelligence could be determined by

a) gauging reaction times.

b) looking into a person's eyes.

c) measuring head size.

d) using psychophysics.

e) noting the achievements of an individual's parents.

87. Which of the following questions might have appeared on Binet and Simon's first test of intelligence?

a) Who is the president of the United States?

b) What is the capital of France?

c) How many grams are there in a kilogram?

d) How many francs are there in this purse?

e) What is the area of a square whose side is equal to 5 centimeters?

88. Which of the following individuals would be considered the earliest pioneer in the field of intelligence testing?

a) Lewis Terman

b) Alfred Binet

c) Charles Spearman

d) Robert Sternberg

e) Howard Gardner

89. In his work on the measurement of intelligence, Binet was initially attempting to

a) identify intellectually gifted children.

b) identify children who would benefit from special education.

c) separate children who were below normal in IQ so they would not interfere with normal children's education.

d) determine which children had enough schooling to go to work.

e) measure intellectually superior individuals in support of eugenics.

90. In Binet's method of intelligence testing, the age at which a child's performance peaked was considered his or her

a) chronological age.

b) intelligence quotient.

c) mental age.

d) intellectual age.

e) deviation IQ.

91. Intelligence quotient (IQ) is defined as

a) mental age multiplied by chronological age and multiplied by 100.

b) mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.

c) mental age subtracted from chronological age and multiplied by 100.

d) chronological age subtracted from mental age and multiplied by 100.

e) mental age divided by chronological age and divided by 100.

92. Irene has a mental age of 8 and a chronological age of 10. Her IQ is

a) 180.

b) 125.

c) 80.

d) 18.

e) 108.

93. Pascal has a mental age of 15 and a chronological age of 20. Binet and Simon would have assigned him an IQ of

a) 35.

b) 75.

c) 125.

d) 133.

e) 150.

94. The Binet-Simon test of intelligence was brought to the United States and translated into English by

a) Terman.

b) Spearman.

c) Stanford.

d) Goddard.

e) Stern

95. In intelligence testing, norms are

a) control questions on IQ tests.

b) trial questions on IQ tests.

c) criteria for comparing an individual's IQ score with those of the general population.

d) minimum standards for performance on an IQ test.

e) the range of scores achieved by students with normal IQs.

96. Norms were first developed for the American version of the Binet-Simon test by

a) Terman.

b) Stanford.

c) Binet.

d) Simon.

e) Goddard.

97. The intelligence tests most widely used in America today were developed by

a) Theodore Simon.

b) Alfred Binet.

c) Lewis Terman.

d) David Wechsler.

e) Howard Gardner.

98. Which of the following statements is true about Wechsler's tests of intelligence?

a) Wechsler's tests are the second most widely used intelligence tests in the United States.

b) There are two forms, one for children under the age of 18 and the other for adults.

c) Wechsler scales are standardized so that an average score is set at 120.

d) The WAIS-III contains three groups of subtests: verbal, performance, and visual-spatial.

e) The Wechsler scales introduced the concept of the deviation IQ.

99. A deviation IQ is an IQ score based on

a) the ratio of mental age to chronological age.

b) typical IQ divided by grade in school.

c) typical IQ divided by age.

d) the difference of a person's test score from the norms for that person's age group.

e) the difference between a person's mental quotient and that person's intelligence quotient.

100. Which of the following is a performance subtest on the WAIS-III?

a) Digit Span

b) Letter-Number Sequencing

c) Comprehension

d) Similarities

e) Block Design

101. Elizabeth was told that her son Tommy received an average score on an IQ test. What is the range of possible scores for Tommy's IQ?

a) 99-101

b) 90-100

c) 100-110

d) 85-115

e) 80-120

102. The process of establishing norms for a test by giving it to large numbers of people is called

a) determining reliability.

b) determining validity.

c) standardization.

d) normalization.

e) determining predictability.

103. Third-grade teacher Victor serves as a proctor for administration of group IQ tests to children at his school. Victor has been instructed to make sure that he follows the uniform procedures for administering the test in order to make sure the test is used correctly. With which principle of test administration is Victor concerned?

a) Standardization

b) Norming

c) Validity

d) Accuracy

e) Reliability

104. In testing, ________ is to consistency of results as ________ is to accuracy of results.

a) norm; validity

b) validity; reliability

c) reliability; norm

d) validity; norm

e) reliability; validity

105. Dr. Fabiano wishes to assess the reliability of an intelligence test he recently developed. Fabiano chooses the test-retest method of assessing reliability. What will Dr. Fabiano have to do?

a) Compare subjects' scores on the tests to their performance in academic arenas.

b) Give one version of the test to a group of subjects and then administer a parallel version of the test to the same subjects.

c) Make certain that he follows uniform procedures in administering the test to different subjects.

d) Give the test once to a group of subjects and then administer the test to a different group of subjects after a short time interval.

e) Give the test to a group of subjects and then re-administer it to the same subjects after a short time interval.

a) 2 percent

b) 14 percent

c) 34 percent

d) 68 percent

e) 95 percent

107. Esther scores 130 on a test of intelligence. Esther's score corresponds to what percentile of the population?

a) 50th

b) 60th

c) 72nd

d) 80th

e) 98th

108. In IQ testing, what is predictive validity?

a) The degree to which test scores accurately forecast future behavior or performance

b) The degree to which test scores measure what they purport to measure

c) The consistency of test scores over time

d) The consistency of test scores across different forms of the test

e) The comparison of an individual's scores with those of the general population

109. Which of the following is true concerning the use and misuse of intelligence tests?

a) They are correctly used as the sole criterion for placement in special education classes.

b) They sometimes encourage self-fulfilling prophecies.

c) They are culture-free and unbiased and can therefore be used with children from diverse backgrounds.

d) They have low predictive validity for academic achievement.

e) Binet was concerned that they would lead to inflated expectations for those who score high.

110. Kristina scored below average on an intelligence test in fifth grade. As a result, she was held back a year. Her parents and teachers developed low expectations for her. Ultimately, Kristina quit high school and took a low-paying job at a convenience store. This is an example of

a) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

b) culturally biased testing.

c) a lack of standardization.

d) an unreliable intelligence test.

e) mainstreaming.

111. Culture-fair IQ tests are not widely used because they

a) are generally unavailable.

b) do not predict academic performance as well as standard tests.

c) are too expensive.

d) are biased.

e) rely too heavily on verbal tasks.

112. Which of the following statements is true about mental retardation?

a) Low IQ scores are sufficient to determine mental retardation.

b) Most individuals with mental retardation fall in the moderate range of severity.

c) Many children with mental retardation are placed in regular classrooms.

d) The causes of mental retardation remain a mystery.

e) About 5 to 10 percent of those with mental retardation have severe delays in all areas of development.

113. As a mildly retarded individual, 18-year-old Jake would probably have the most trouble with which of the following:

a) Tying his shoes

b) Solving an arithmetic problem

c) Asking for a glass of water

d) Reading a children's book

e) Going out on a date

114. What percentage of people with mental retardation are classified as having a profound level of mental retardation?

a) Almost all, between 90 and 91 percent

b) A large majority, 72 percent

c) About half, 49 percent

d) Around one-fifth, 19 percent

e) Very few, 1 to 2 percent

115. Louise is a 35-year-old woman with mental retardation. She has reading and math skills of a normal sixth-grader. She can function fairly independently and has a productive job. She is most likely in which category of mental retardation?

a) Mild

b) Moderate

c) Severe

d) Profound

e) Serious

116. Marvin is a 25-year-old man with mental retardation. He has very simple communication and manual skills but has great difficulty in reading and math. Marvin's level of mental retardation most likely falls in which range?

a) Normal

b) Mild

c) Moderate

d) Severe

e) Profound

117. Kelly is a 12-year-old with mental retardation. Even though she has difficulty with math and reading, Kelly is placed in a regular classroom for her entire school day. Which educational practice for students with mental retardation is Kelly's school using?

a) Framing

b) Enrichment

c) Eugenics

d) Culture-fair testing

e) Mainstreaming

118. Eric was tested at school for entry into a program for the gifted. It is likely that Eric scored at least _______ on his intelligence test?

a) 100

b) 115

c) 130

d) 150

e) 175

119. Which psychologist was a pioneer in the testing of intellectually gifted children?

a) Robert Sternberg

b) Howard Gardner

c) Charles Spearman

d) Lewis Terman

e) Louis Thurstone

120. Which of the following statements is true about intellectual giftedness?

a) People with IQs of 120 or higher are generally classified as intellectually gifted.

b) Today, the concept of giftedness includes people with special talents not typically measured by standard IQ tests.

c) Longitudinal studies of gifted individuals show that, with rare exceptions, high intelligence is always related to success in professional occupations.

d) The original longitudinal study of the "little geniuses" was started by Alfred Binet.

e) The higher someone's IQ, the higher his or her achievement motivation tends to be.

121. What lesson can be drawn from the findings of Terman's study of intellectually gifted children?

a) The mere fact that a person has the IQ of a genius in childhood does not necessarily mean that she or he will grow up to be an intellectually gifted adult.

b) Intellectually gifted individuals will most often be drawn to the academic field.

c) It's not possible to predict how successful an intellectually gifted individual will be solely on the basis of IQ.

d) Intellectually gifted individuals will always excel in the occupation they choose.

e) The mere fact that a person has a high IQ does not necessarily mean that he or she is capable of doing good academic work.

122. In the study of the "little geniuses" discussed in the text, which personality trait distinguished between high- and low-achievement gifted children?

a) Need for sensation

b) Flexibility

c) Introversion

d) Aggressiveness

e) Persistence

123. Spearman proposed that intelligence is composed of

a) seven primary mental abilities.

b) only a general factor that he termed "g."

c) a general factor that he termed "g" and other specific abilities.

d) eight different factors.

e) three aspects: analytic, reactive, and practical.

124. An intelligence consisting of seven different primary mental abilities was proposed by

a) Charles Spearman.

b) Louis Thurstone.

c) Howard Gardner.

d) Alfred Binet.

e) Robert Sternberg.

125. Which of the following statements is true about theories of intelligence?

a) The eight "multiple intelligences" were identified by Sternberg.

b) Thurstone felt that a general factor of intelligence was sufficient to assess intelligence.

c) Spearman developed the Primary Mental Abilities Test.

d) Gardner believed in a single entity called "intelligence."

e) Most standard IQ tests were developed to measure "g."

126. One criticism of Gardner's model of intelligence is that

a) human intelligence does not consist of multiple abilities.

b) it fails to account for the interrelationships among the different abilities that make up intelligence.

c) it overemphasizes the importance of "g," a general factor of intelligence.

d) it conceptualizes forms of intelligence that do not exist in the real world.

e) it has little or no applicability in educational settings.

127. Gardner describes intelligence as being composed of

a) a general factor alone.

b) a general factor and several specific abilities.

c) seven primary mental abilities.

d) eight distinct intelligences.

e) three aspects.

128. Leah, a dance choreographer, is likely to have high levels of which type of intelligence in Gardner's model?

a) Logical-mathematical

b) Interpersonal

c) Bodily-kinesthetic

d) Intrapersonal

e) Naturalist

129. In Gardner's model, interpersonal intelligence is defined as the ability to

a) understand one's own feelings and behavior.

b) understand and use words.

c) analyze, compose, or perform music.

d) relate effectively to others and to understand others' moods and motives.

e) recognize objects and patterns in nature.

130. In Gardner's model of intelligence, a psychologically well-adjusted person is best described as having high levels of which type of intelligence?

a) Kinesthetic

b) Spatial

c) Interpersonal

d) Naturalist

e) Intrapersonal

131. Francesca has very high levels of interpersonal intelligence. The model of multiple intelligences suggests that Francesca might be best suited to be which of the following?

a) A politician

b) A dancer

c) An accountant

d) A painter

e) An engineer

132. In Sternberg's model of intelligence, creative intelligence includes

a) applying and using.

b) using and doing.

c) analyzing and evaluating.

d) evaluating and comparing.

e) inventing and designing.

133. Anna has the ability to apply what she knows to her everyday life. Her friends say that Anna is "street smart." The triarchic theory of intelligence would label Anna as high in which type of intelligence?

a) Multiple

b) Analytic

c) Interpersonal

d) Creative

e) Practical

134. Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence is(are) typically measured in traditional tests of intelligence?

a) All of them: analytic, creative, and practical

b) Analytic only

c) Analytic and practical only

d) Creative and analytic only

e) Practical and creative only

135. Taking an overview of the theories of intelligence, which of the following is a FALSE conclusion?

a) We should broaden our thoughts about what intelligence is and how it should be measured.

b) Human intelligence consists of multiple aspects.

c) It is important to take cultural context into consideration when assessing human intelligence.

d) Gardner's and Sternberg's theories can be characterized as "theory-rich, but data-poor."

e) Our society places just as high a value on naturalist, interpersonal, and interpersonal skills as on verbal, math, and spatial skills.

136. Which group is predicted to have the most highly correlated IQ scores?

a) Non-twin siblings

b) Dizygotic twins reared together

c) Monozygotic twins reared together

d) Dizygotic twins reared apart

e) Monozygotic twins reared apart

137. In studies of the correlation of IQ scores among twins, the correlation of scores of monozygotic twins raised apart is

a) higher than for monozygotic twins raised together.

b) lower than for non-twin siblings raised together.

c) higher than for dizygotic twins raised together.

d) the same as for monozygotic twins raised together.

e) the same as for dizygotic twins raised together.

138. The IQ scores of adopted children are

a) more similar to those of their biological parents than to those of their adoptive parents.

b) more similar to those of their adoptive parents than to those of their biological parents.

c) as similar to those of their adoptive parents as to those of their biological parents.

d) unrelated to those of their adoptive parents.

e) unrelated to those of their biological parents.

139. The heritability of a trait refers to the

a) number of genes involved in its heredity.

b) extent to which variability among people on the trait is explained by genetic factors.

c) percentage of genes involved in its heredity.

d) percentage of people who show an inheritance for the trait.

e) extent to which the development of the trait is influenced by environmental factors.

140. A given trait has a heritability of 75 percent. This means that

a) 75 percent of people show a genetic inheritance for the trait.

b) 75 percent of the genes associated with the trait have been identified.

c) 75 percent of the trait is genetically controlled.

d) 75 percent of the variability among people on the trait can be explained by genetic factors.

e) people have a 75 percent chance of inheriting the trait when the gene is present.

141. Regarding the influence of nature and nurture on intelligence, which of the following statements is true?

a) Heritability estimates of intelligence range from 35 to 60 percent.

b) The environment has only a negligible influence on children's intellectual development.

c) Twin and adoptee studies provide strong evidence for the influence of genetics on intelligence.

d) Heritability estimates can be applied to any given individual in the population to determine the relative contributions of nature and nurture.

e) Heredity shapes intelligence in infancy and childhood, but not during adolescence and adulthood.

142. Compared to Euro-Americans, African Americans score about

a) 5 points lower on IQ tests.

b) 5 points higher on IQ tests.

c) 10 points lower on IQ tests.

d) 15 points lower on IQ tests.

e) the same on IQ tests.

143. A large-scale Norwegian study of 250,000 individuals recently found that

a) later-born children tend to have higher IQ scores than firstborn children.

b) females tend to have higher IQ scores than males.

c) firstborn children tend to have higher IQ scores than their younger siblings.

d) males tend to have higher IQ scores than females.

e) children tend to have higher IQ scores than their parents.

144. Which explanation do researchers offer for the rise in IQ scores and the narrowing of the gap between ethnic or racial groups?

a) Increased Internet availability

b) Increased societal mobility

c) Increased video game play

d) Increased racial and ethnic intermarriage

e) Increased educational opportunities

145. The current racial gap in IQ scores between white American and African American 12-year-old children is

a) 0

b) 4.5 points.

c) 9.5 points.

d) 14 points.

e) 20.5 points.

146. For several generations, average IQ scores in the United States have

a) decreased about 3 points per decade.

b) increased about 3 points per decade.

c) decreased about 10 points per decade.

d) increased about 10 points per decade.

e) not changed.

Psychology 101: Introduction to Psychology

Chapter 7: Practice Questions

1.

The mental representation and manipulation of information is

A)

learning.

B)

memory.

C)

sensation.

D)

thinking.

E)

perception.

2.

The region of the brain active during mental imagery of an object is _______ the region of the brain active during actual observation of the object.

A)

located directly above

B)

located directly below

C)

similar to

D)

not at all similar to

E)

on the opposite side of

3.

Compared to men, women tend to

A)

report less vivid images of past experiences.

B)

use more visual imagery to remember past events.

C)

use less visual imagery to remember past experiences.

D)

more often use imagery in problem solving.

E)

perform worse in forming still images of objects.

4.

Concepts function to do all but which of the following?

A)

Help us bring a sense of order to our world

B)

Make us better able to anticipate and predict future events

C)

Help us respond more quickly to events

D)

Reduce the need for new learning each time we encounter a familiar object or event

E)

Enable us to engage in mental imagery.

5.

When her students are first learning algebra, math teacher Ruth Dibble teaches the students a series of step-by-step rules for working with algebraic equations. What is Ms. Dibble teaching her students?

A)

Insight strategies

B)

Algorithms

C)

Heuristics

D)

Natural concepts

E)

Logical concepts

6.

What is the major drawback of algorithms?

A)

They tend to lead to confirmation bias.

B)

They cause people to rely on the same solutions over and over.

C)

They can lead to faulty solutions.

D)

They take too long to apply.

E)

There may not be any algorithm that precisely applies to one's particular problem.

7.

A heuristic is

A)

a step-by-step process for sol