PSYC Psychology Chapter 4 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

PSYC Psychology Chapter 4 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

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1. A state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us is

a) selective attention.

b) arousal.

c) consciousness.

d) conscientiousness.

e) perception.

2. Which of the following statements is true about multitasking?

a) In a recent poll, the majority of people said they never read e-mail while talking on the phone.

b) Multitasking may be inefficient, but it's never dangerous.

c) Performing two mental tasks at the same time reduces the mental resources available to perform either task.

d) Multitasking is more difficult when the tasks draw on different parts of the brain than when they draw on the same part.

e) The word multitasking came into use with the invention of the telephone.

3. Psychologists use which term to describe the changing levels of awareness that people experience?

a) States of awareness

b) States of perception

c) States of sensation

d) States of cognition

e) States of consciousness

4. Who wrote Principles of Psychology, the first psychology textbook?

a) Sigmund Freud

b) Wilhelm Wundt

c) William James

d) Gustav Fechner

e) Carl Jung

5. Which of the following statements regarding William James is FALSE?

a) William James is the brother of novelist Henry James.

b) William James wrote the first textbook on psychology.

c) William James believed that consciousness is a fixed state.

d) The first psychology lecture William James ever attended was the one he gave.

e) William James earned a medical degree but never practiced medicine.

6. Wylene is able to pay attention to street signs as she drives her pick-up truck, but she is not aware of her foot on the accelerator. Wylene's experience is an example of

a) selective consciousness.

b) focused arousal.

c) conscious attention.

d) focused consciousness.

e) focused attention.

7. In a state of focused awareness, a person would be all of the following EXCEPT

a) fully alert.

b) multitasking.

c) wide awake.

d) completely engrossed in a task.

e) paying little attention to distracting external stimuli.

8. Samantha simultaneously performs two different tasks, each of which demands some level of attention. Samantha is using

a) divided consciousness.

b) altered awareness.

c) selective consciousness.

d) drifting consciousness.

e) focused awareness.

9. Daydreaming occurs during which type of consciousness?

a) Divided

b) Unconsciousness

c) Focused

d) Selective

e) Drifting

conceptual

10. Regarding daydreaming, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a) The majority of daydreams have sexual themes.

b) People are more prone to daydream when they are bored.

c) People are more prone to daydream when they are engaged in unstructured activities.

d) Most daydreams involve the mundane tasks of everyday life.

e) Daydreaming is a form of consciousness that occurs during a waking state.

11. Nadia frequently walks home without paying conscious attention to her route. This is an example of

a) automatic pilot.

b) attentional refocusing.

c) divided awareness.

d) focused concentration.

e) unconsciousness.

12. Inattention blindness is a term used to describe which of the following activities?

a) Daydreaming

b) Driving while talking on a cell phone

c) Long-distance running

d) Meditation

e) Dreaming

13. The level of alertness is lowest during which of the following states of consciousness?

a) Focused awareness

b) Multitasking

c) Drifting consciousness

d) Divided consciousness

e) Dreaming

conceptual

14. Ethan experienced an altered state of consciousness when he

a) caught the ball without thinking about it.

b) fell asleep during math class.

c) talked on the phone and listened to the radio while driving.

d) meditated by relaxing and imagining himself on the beach.

e) forced himself to focus on the game to the exclusion of everything else.

15. Which of the following people is experiencing an ordinary wakeful (as opposed to altered) state of consciousness?

a) Ted, who is using medical marijuana

b) Eva, who is totally focused on an abstract painting

c) Leah, who is drinking her fourth glass of wine

d) Joy, who is meditating in psychology class

e) Bjorn, who has been hypnotized in an attempt to quit smoking

16. In which state of consciousness should a person's level of awareness or attention be the highest?

a) Dreaming

b) Drifting consciousness

c) Divided consciousness

d) Unconsciousness

e) Focused awareness

17. When it comes to eating and drinking while driving, which of the following is true?

a) Drinking cold beverages is more dangerous than eating tacos.

b) Eating tacos is more dangerous than drinking coffee.

c) Of all foods and drinks, hot beverages are the most dangerous.

d) Generally, foods are more dangerous than beverages.

e) Eating donuts is the most dangerous.

18. Driving while talking on the phone

a) doubles the odds that a person will be in an accident.

b) is a problem only when the phone is a hand-held model.

c) can cause one to experience "inattention blindness."

d) is not a common practice.

e) is as dangerous as driving while conversing with a passenger.

19. Generalizing from research presented in the text, which of the following activities is LEAST likely to impair driving performance?

a) Drinking coffee

b) Listening to the radio at moderate volume

c) Having a discussion with a passenger

d) Talking on a hands-free cell phone

e) Fussing with a child in the back seat

20. What percentage of drivers say they use a cell phone while driving?

a) 17 percent

b) 39 percent

c) 58 percent

d) 73 percent

e) 95 percent

21. Circadian rhythms are

a) found only in humans.

b) synchronized with 12-hour periods.

c) daily patterns of fluctuations in bodily processes.

d) regulated by the adrenal glands.

e) monthly mood patterns that vary according to lunar phases.

22. An area of the hypothalamus that regulates sleep-wake cycles is the

a) suprachiasmatic nucleus.

b) pineal gland.

c) pituitary gland.

d) hippocampus.

e) corpus callosum.

23. Which bodily structure is your internal body clock?

a) The adrenal glands

b) The amygdala

c) The suprachiasmatic nucleus

d) The pituitary gland

e) The hippocampus

24. Josh's brain has just released the hormone melatonin, so Josh will soon feel

a) happy.

b) angry.

c) sleepy.

d) sad.

e) aroused.

25. How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus "know" to wake us up?

a) By monitoring the light entering the eye

b) By monitoring the sounds entering the ear

c) By monitoring decreasing melatonin levels

d) By obeying instructions from the frontal cortex

e) By monitoring body temperature

26. Nina's pineal gland has been damaged. She can expect a disturbance in the release of the hormone

a) oxytocin.

b) vasopressin.

c) cortisol.

d) melatonin.

e) dopamine.

27. Sheila is awake and in an alert state. Sheila's brain wave pattern should consist primarily of

a) alpha waves.

b) beta waves.

c) gamma waves.

d) delta waves.

e) small, irregular waves.

28. Beta brain waves are ________, and alpha brain waves are ________.

a) fast and low-amplitude; slow and rhythmic

b) slow and low-amplitude; fast and rhythmic

c) fast and high-amplitude; slow and rhythmic

d) slow and high-amplitude; fast and rhythmic

e) large and rhythmic; slow and rhythmic

29. In terms of brain waves, awake and alert is to ________ as awake and relaxed is to ________.

a) alpha; beta

b) beta; alpha

c) delta; alpha

d) delta; beta

e) beta; delta

30. Dr. Washington, a sleep researcher, looks at the EEG output of a participant in a sleep study. When Dr. Washington sees sleep spindles on the output, she indicates what stage of sleep on the paper?

a) Stage 1

b) Stage 2

c) Stage 3

d) Stage 4

e) REM

31. In which stage do you spend the majority of your sleep time?

a) Stage 1

b) Stage 2

c) Stage 3

d) Stage 4

e) REM

32. Sleep spindles are to ________ sleep as delta waves are to ________ sleep.

a) Stage 1; Stage 3

b) Stage 3; Stage 4

c) Stage 2; REM

d) Stage 1; REM

e) Stage 2; Stage 4

33. Which stages of sleep are collectively referred to as slow-wave sleep?

a) Stages 1 and 2

b) Stages 4 and REM

c) Stages 3 and 4

d) Stages 2 and 3

e) REM and NREM

34. Other factors being equal, which of the following people should be hardest to awaken?

a) Mary Esther, who is in Stage 1 of sleep

b) Sarah, who is in Stage 2 of sleep

c) Randy, who is in Stage 3 of sleep

d) Ed, who has just fallen asleep

e) Nancy, who is in Stage 4 of sleep

35. Monica is having a long, detailed dream. In which stage of sleep is Monica most likely to be?

a) Stage 1

b) Stage 2

c) Stage 3

d) Stage 4

e) REM

36. Regarding REM sleep, which of the following statements is true?

a) Periods of REM sleep become shorter as the night progresses.

b) REM sleep is called active sleep because it is characterized by muscle activity, such as tossing and turning.

c) Brain waves during REM sleep are similar to those of Stage 3.

d) All dreams occur during REM sleep.

e) As the night wears on, it takes less time to get to REM.

37. Compared to dreams during REM, NREM dreams are

a) longer.

b) more frequent.

c) more thought-like.

d) paradoxical.

e) characterized by less movement.

38. Sleep cycles repeat about every ________ minutes, and the typical adult has ________ cycles per night.

a) 60; six to seven

b) 60; three to four

c) 90; four to five

d) 90; two to three

e) 120; one to three

39. Which of the following best describes REM sleep?

a) The deepest level of sleep

b) A state of light sleep with thought-like dreams

c) Dream sleep accompanied by increased muscle activity

d) A state of resting quietly with the eyes closed

e) Sleep in which the brain becomes more active but muscle activity is blocked

40. It's 2:00 A.M. and Josephine is sleeping in a sleep clinic. The research assistant notes that she is in REM sleep. He knows that's so because when he looks

a) at an EEG of her brain, it indicates slow-wave sleep.

b) at her body, it is twitching.

c) at an EEG of her brain, it shows sleep spindles.

d) under her closed eyelids, her eyes dart about.

e) at an EEG of her brain, it shows delta waves.

41. Which species of mammal requires the most sleep?

a) Cats

b) Deer

c) Elephants

d) Humans

e) Bats

42. The major function of sleep appears to be

a) restorative.

b) the consolidation of memories.

c) the bolstering of the immune system.

d) protective.

e) the conservation of energy.

43. During sleep, warm-blooded animals experience

a) a lowering of body temperature.

b) a rise in their body temperature.

c) protein depletion.

d) more dangers than when they are awake.

e) a loss of recent memories.

44. Ordinarily, dreams last between ________ and ________ minutes.

a) 1; 2

b) 1; 15

c) 10; 20

d) 5; 45

e) 25; 40

45. Which of the following beliefs about dreams is true?

a) Blind people are unable to dream.

b) Dream events occur in a "flash," unfolding at a much faster rate than do real-life events.

c) Animals dream, in the sense that they show the same brain wave patterns during sleep as do humans.

d) Most people have lucid dreams, in which they are aware that they're dreaming and can even control the dream events, on a regular basis.

e) Studies have shown that dreams often foretell the future.

46. Your psychology professor argues that dreams represent an attempt by the cerebral cortex to make sense of the random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep. From which perspective are your professor's comments?

a) Action-reaction hypothesis

b) Activation-synthesis hypothesis

c) Psychodynamic theory

d) Gestalt psychology

e) Neurotransmitter reintegration theory

47. According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, random electrical activity in the ________ is interpreted by the ________ to create a story line.

a) brainstem; cerebral cortex

b) cerebral cortex; brainstem

c) hippocampus; hypothalamus

d) hypothalamus; hippocampus

e) brainstem; thalamus

48. Freud believed the purpose of dreams is to

a) consolidate memories and new learning.

b) sort through possible solutions to everyday problems.

c) fulfill wishes.

d) discard unnecessary information.

e) reconcile urges.

49. In Freudian theory, the actual events that occur in a dream are referred to as its ________ content, and the underlying meaning of a dream is called its ________ content.

a) unconscious; conscious

b) latent; manifest

c) conscious; subconscious

d) conscious; sexual

e) manifest; latent

50. Who suggested that dreams help us sort through possible solutions to everyday problems and concerns?

a) Ernest Hartmann

b) Herodotus

c) Sigmund Freud

d) William James

e) Carl Jung

51. Why do we dream?

a) To fulfill wishes of a sexual or aggressive nature

b) To allow the cerebral cortex to make sense of random electrical activity during REM sleep

c) To sort through problems and concerns and find solutions

d) No one really knows.

e) To consolidate memories and new learning acquired throughout the day

52. Which of the following statements about dreams is true?

a) Dreams foretell the future.

b) Dreams unfold in real time.

c) Blind people have visual images when they dream.

d) Most people dream in black-and-white.

e) Animals do not have the same brain activation during sleep that humans do.

53. On many nights Matilda is able to decide in advance what she will dream about. She is also sometimes able to control her dreams as they occur. Matilda's dreams are unusual in that they are

a) clairvoyant.

b) precognitive.

c) latent.

d) manifest.

e) lucid.

54. According to data presented in the text, what is the most popular bedtime among American adults?

a) Before 8 P.M.

b) Between 8 and 9 P.M.

c) Between 9 and 10 P.M.

d) Between 10 P.M. and midnight

e) After midnight

55. Debbie is a 6-month-old infant. Her grandmother is 62 years old. How does Debbie's sleep compare with her grandmother's?

a) The grandmother probably spends a larger proportion of her sleep in REM sleep than Debbie.

b) The proportion of sleep time that Debbie spends in REM sleep is increasing as she grows up, whereas her grandmother's is decreasing.

c) The amount of NREM sleep is on the decline for both Debbie and grandmother.

d) Debbie probably spends more actual time in REM sleep and in NREM sleep than her grandmother.

e) The grandmother probably spends more actual time in REM sleep than Debbie.

56. Regarding sleep deprivation, which of the following statements is true?

a) Temporary periods of sleep deprivation produce lasting negative effects.

b) Whereas sleep deprivation is harmful, loss of REM sleep appears to have no negative consequences.

c) Chronic sleep deprivation impairs the immune system.

d) Chronic sleep deprivation affects one's physical functioning, but it has little effect on psychological well-being or happiness.

e) The older we get, the more sleep, REM and NREM, we require to function effectively.

57. Motor vehicle accidents are most likely to occur during which part of the day?

a) In the early morning hours

b) In the late morning hours

c) In the early afternoon

d) In the late afternoon

e) In the early part of the evening

58. What is the most common sleep disorder?

a) REM sleep disorder

b) Narcolepsy

c) Sleepwalking disorder

d) Insomnia

e) Sleep apnea

59. Some nights Chang has problems falling asleep. Other nights, he wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty returning to sleep. Chang probably suffers from which sleep disorder?

a) Insomnia

b) Somatoform disorder

c) Narcolepsy

d) Sleepwalking

e) Sleep apnea

60. Which of the following statements is true about insomnia?

a) People who have difficulty falling asleep are just not trying hard enough.

b) Once insomnia sets in, it's unlikely that normal sleep patterns can be restored without medication.

c) Most people require 6 hours of sleep per night to function optimally.

d) Insomnia is the second most common sleep disorder.

e) About 10 percent of the adult population suffers from insomnia.

61. Kendra has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly falls into "sleep attacks" during daytime hours. What is the name of Kendra's disorder?

a) REM sleep disorder

b) Sleep apnea

c) Sleep terror disorder

d) Nightmare disorder

e) Narcolepsy

62. Narcolepsy may be caused by

a) an overactive thyroid gland.

b) loss of brain cells in the hypothalamus.

c) an underactive thyroid gland.

d) loss of brain cells in the reticular system.

e) substance abuse.

63. Which of the following best describes sleep apnea?

a) Repeated episodes of intense fear during sleep causing sudden awakening in a terrified state

b) Sudden unexplained sleep attacks during the day

c) Difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep, or returning to sleep

d) A state of dreaming in which the dreamer is aware that she or he is dreaming

e) Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

64. Which of the following statements is true about sleep apnea?

a) Apnea is caused by structural defects in the mouth or throat.

b) Apnea is the most common sleep disorder.

c) Approximately 100,000 Americans suffer from sleep apnea.

d) Apnea is most common among young women who are thin.

e) There are currently no treatments for sleep apnea.

65. In general, nightmare disorder is to ________ sleep as sleep terror disorder is to ________ sleep.

a) Stage 1; Stage 2

b) REM; Stage 2

c) REM; Stage 3 or 4

d) Stage 2; Stage 3 or 4

e) Stage 2; REM

66. Kelsey has a sleep disorder in which she suddenly wakes up in the night with a panicky scream. She is only able to remember fragments of her dream images, and she is dazed and frightened upon awakening. Which sleep disorder does Kelsey most likely have?

a) Sleepwalking disorder

b) Nightmare disorder

c) Narcolepsy

d) Sleep apnea

e) Sleep terror disorder

67. Among sleep experts, what is the general consensus regarding treatment methods for insomnia?

a) Sleep medications are the best short- and long-term treatment for insomnia.

b) Sleep medications are a good short-term treatment; there are no long-term treatments.

c) Cognitive-behavioral techniques are the best short-term treatment, and sleep medications are the best long-term treatments.

d) Sleep medications are the best short-term treatment, and cognitive-behavioral techniques are the best long-term treatments.

e) Cognitive-behavioral techniques are just as effective as sleep medications for short-term treatment and more effective over the long-term.

68. On her first night as camp counselor, Jennifer discovered that one of the campers in her bunk was a sleepwalker. When she spoke to the camp nurse about the disorder, she was correctly informed that

a) sleepwalking disorder occurs more often in adults than in children.

b) approximately 20 percent of children have sleepwalking disorder.

c) awakening a sleepwalker can be dangerous.

d) sleepwalkers usually remember their nighttime wanderings.

e) sleepwalkers remain asleep although their eyes are open.

69. Describe the various stages of sleep.

70. Describe the sleep disorders insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, and sleepwalking disorder.

a) An oil-burning lamp

b) A vase

c) A repeated phrase or sound

d) A candle

e) A graphic symbol

72. In meditation, a mantra is a

a) type of dance.

b) sound or phrase.

c) type of song.

d) type of drug.

e) seating position.

73. Christina practices mindfulness meditation. What is the focus of Christina's meditation practice?

a) The repetition of a mantra

b) The problems that she needs to solve in the future

c) The thoughts and physical sensations she is experiencing moment by moment

d) The correct performance of yoga postures

e) The flame of a burning candle

74. Which of the following NOT true about mindfulness meditation?

a) It helps relieve chronic pain.

b) It reduces drug use among abusers.

c) It lowers blood pressure in heart disease patients.

d) It relieves psychiatric symptoms in drug abusers.

e) It requires the practitioner to engage in heavy thinking.

75. Hypnosis is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

a) focused attention.

b) deep relaxation.

c) being asleep.

d) heightened suggestibility.

e) concentration on the hypnotist's voice.

76. During hypnosis, Gail's hypnotist tells her that she will have an increased desire to drink water. This is an example of which type of hypnotic experience?

a) Hypnotic hydrophobia

b) Hypnotic analgesia

c) Posthypnotic amnesia

d) Distortions of reality

e) Posthypnotic suggestion

77. In hypnosis, reliving of past events occurs through

a) posthypnotic suggestion.

b) posthypnotic amnesia.

c) hypnotic analgesia.

d) hypnotic age regression.

e) hypnotic time distortion.

78. In studies, the percentage of college students exhibiting posthypnotic amnesia in response to suggestions was found to be

a) virtually none; fewer than 1 percent.

b) very few; about 10 percent.

c) one in four.

d) one in two.

e) more than 90 percent.

79. Which psychologist is working from the role-playing model of hypnosis?

a) Dr. Amin, who says, "Hypnosis is a social interaction between a hypnotist and a subject."

b) Dr. Birnbaum, who says, "Hypnosis is an altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility."

c) Dr. Chestnut, who says, "Hypnosis involves a state of dissociated consciousness."

d) Dr. Davison, who says, "In hypnosis, part of the subject's consciousness remains a hidden observer."

e) Dr. Evans, who says, "Hypnosis is a trance state."

80. Which theory suggests that hypnosis is a phenomenon in which one's consciousness divides or splits?

a) Neodissociation

b) Role-playing

c) Hidden observer

d) Parapsychological

e) Activation-synthesis

81. Which of the following statements is true about hypnosis?

a) Response to hypnotic suggestions has more to do with the hypnotist's skills than with a person's suggestibility.

b) Not all hypnotic techniques involve a narrowing of attention to the hypnotist's voice.

c) In hypnotic age regression, people actually get to relive childhood experiences.

d) Hypnosis can cause people to commit illegal acts against their will.

e) Most people can be hypnotized to some extent.

82. Which of the following subjects experienced hypnotic analgesia?

a) Adam, who did not remember anything that happened when he was under hypnosis

b) May, who, following the hypnotist's suggestion, clapped her hands every time that someone new came into the room, even though she was no longer in a hypnotic state

c) Patti, who immersed her hand in ice water and did not feel the cold

d) Ron, who cried just as he had twenty years earlier when he was five years old and fell off his first two-wheeler the first time he tried to ride the bike

e) Juan, who faithfully followed the hypnotist's directions because he had always had a very positive view of hypnosis

83. A highly hypnotizable person is likely to have which of the following characteristics?

a) A skeptical attitude

b) An assertive personality

c) A lack of imagination.

d) A good memory

e) A tendency to fantasize

84. Summarize the various theories of hypnosis.

85. Which of the following statements is true about psychoactive drugs?

a) Nicotine is an illicit drugs.

b) The most widely used illicit drug is cocaine.

c) About 10 percent of American adults report having used illegal drugs at some time in their lives.

d) Alcohol is not a drug.

e) Chocolate contains a psychoactive drug.

86. In the discussion of drugs, what does illicit mean?

a) Addictive

b) Psychoactive

c) Illusory

d) Illegal

e) Toxic

87. People who abuse more than one drug at a time are called

a) opioids.

b) polyabusers.

c) multi-abusers.

d) codependent.

e) psychoactive.

88. Which of the following people is a drug abuser?

a) Ross, who likes to have a couple of beers before getting into his truck to go to work

b) Sandy, who loves good chocolate and indulges in a couple of pieces when she's feeling down

c) Tom, who smokes whenever he is with his friends in order to fit in

d) Walter, who feels he must have a cup of coffee every morning in order to be at his best

e) Zachary, who habitually has one or two glasses of wine with dinner and sometimes an after-dinner liqueur

89. Impaired control over the use of a drug is called

a) drug abuse.

b) drug dependence.

c) physiological dependence.

d) drug overdose.

e) drug tolerance.

90. After his repeatedly using a drug over six months, Elian's body chemistry has changed such that it depends on having a steady supply of the drug. Elian has developed

a) tolerance.

b) psychological dependence.

c) physiological dependence.

d) psychosomatic dependence.

e) withdrawal syndrome.

91. Withdrawal syndrome is also known as

a) drug overdose.

b) drug abuse syndrome.

c) drug dependence syndrome.

d) abstinence syndrome.

e) tolerance.

92. Which of the following people has a chemical dependency?

a) Marie, who is addicted to gambling

b) Bob, who is addicted to using the Internet

c) Bernadette, who is addicted to sex

d) Dennis, who is addicted to alcohol

e) Paula, who is addicted to shopping

93. Caryn compulsively uses drugs to cope with stress and relieve negative feelings arising from her marriage. Caryn's condition is best described as

a) psychological dependence.

b) chemical dependence.

c) abstinence syndrome.

d) tolerance.

e) physiological dependence.

94. Reduction of central nervous system activity is the defining feature of

a) stimulants.

b) hallucinogens.

c) depressants.

d) amphetamines.

e) marijuana

95. A depressant drug does which of the following?

a) Causes depression

b) Induces a feeling of anxiety

c) Safely calms people

d) Dampens the activity of the central nervous system

e) Increases heart rate and respiration

96. Which of the following statements is true about alcohol?

a) Alcohol impairs the ability to judge distances when driving.

b) Alcohol is a stimulant.

c) Alcohol-related accidents are the third leading cause of death among young people in the 17-24-year age range.

d) Men usually become intoxicated at lower doses of alcohol than women do.

e) Alcohol has an inhibiting effect, which may lead to impulsive behavior.

97. Joe's blood alcohol level was measured at .25, so the policeman was surprised that Joe

a) acted "high"

b) staggered.

c) appeared to be in a stupor.

d) was unable to walk a straight line.

e) had a slow reaction time

98. Marvin has developed a physical dependence on alcohol, and he is unable to control his use of alcohol. Which condition is Marvin most likely experiencing?

a) Psychodependence

b) Alcohol overuse disorder

c) Depression

d) Intoxication

e) Alcoholism

99. Which organ is most severely damaged by alcohol abuse?

a) The stomach

b) The liver

c) The heart

d) The kidney

e) The bladder

100. Which of the following statements is true regarding alcoholism?

a) Almost half of all alcoholics are "bums" living on the fringes of society.

b) Alcoholism usually develops in late adolescence between the ages of 15 and 20.

c) Alcoholism can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, a reversible condition.

d) About 1 in 16 adults (6.25 percent) in the United States is an alcoholic.

e) Most alcoholics have families and work for a living.

101. Researchers suspect that alcohol is linked to a lower risk of heart attacks and strokes because it

a) decreases the high-density proteins that can damage the heart.

b) increases the "good" cholesterol that removes blockages from arteries.

c) decreases the number of fat cells in the body.

d) reduces inflammation in the walls of arteries leading to the heart.

e) increases the body's basal metabolic rate.

102. Which of the following statements is true about alcohol use among college students?

a) One out of four college students drinks alcohol at least once a month.

b) College students tend to drink less than their peers who do not attend college.

c) Those who binge drink are more likely to become alcoholics than those who do not.

d) Only a small fraction of college students tend to binge drink.

e) Most college students who drink at least once a month are over the legal drinking age.

103. If your college campus is like the average campus in the United States, what percentage of students engage in binge drinking?

a) Very few; about 3 percent

b) Some; about 12 percent

c) A moderate number, 23 percent

d) Close to half, about 40 percent

e) The majority, 69 percent

104. Binge drinking is defined as ________ or more drinks for men and ________ or more drinks for women on one occasion.

a) 3; 2

b) 4; 3

c) 5; 4

d) 6; 5

e) 7; 6

105. Among alcohol-induced deaths, what is a frequent cause of death?

a) Seizure

b) Heart attack

c) Stroke

d) Asthma attack

e) Choking on one's vomit

106. Which of the following is a legitimate use of barbiturates?

a) Inducing euphoric feelings

b) Treating insomnia

c) Treating low blood pressure

d) Controlling epileptic seizures

e) Self-medication for relaxation

107. Phenobarbital and pentobarbital are

a) opioids.

b) hallucinogens.

c) stimulants.

d) barbiturates.

e) tranquilizers.

108. Which of the following is one of the most widely used tranquilizers?

a) Percodan

b) Methaqualone

c) Darvon

d) Halcion

e) Phenobarbital

109. Which of the following statements is true about tranquilizers?

a) Tranquilizers are not dangerous.

b) Tranquilizers are not addictive.

c) Benzodiazepines are a family of tranquilizer drugs that act by boosting the availability of serotonin in the brain.

d) Tranquilizers are more toxic than barbiturates.

e) Tranquilizers are used to treat insomnia and anxiety.

110. Opioids utilize the same receptors in the brain as

a) serotonin.

b) endorphins.

c) dopamine.

d) acetylcholine.

e) GABA.

111. Narcotics is another term for which type of drug?

a) Opioids

b) Barbiturates

c) Tranquilizers

d) Hallucinogens

e) Stimulants

112. Sherrill abuses an opioid. If she abuses the most common one, what is Sherrill's drug of choice?

a) Heroin

b) Morphine

c) Codeine

d) Marijuana

e) Phenobarbital

113. Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?

a) Demerol

b) Codeine

c) Ecstasy

d) Methaqualone

e) Heroin

114. Morphine, heroin, and codeine are naturally occurring drugs derived from which plant?

a) Kale

b) Coca

c) Poppy

d) Purslane

e) Cannabis

115. Which of the following is a stimulant?

a) Alcohol

b) LSD

c) Heroin

d) Mescaline

e) Nicotine

116. Alcohol is to ________ as caffeine is to ________.

a) depressant; stimulant

b) hallucinogen; stimulant

c) depressant; hallucinogen

d) stimulant; depressant

e) stimulant; hallucinogen

117. Users liken the intense, pleasurable rush from which drug to the pleasure of sexual orgasm?

a) Heroin

b) Cocaine

c) MDMA

d) PCP

e) Mescaline

118. Amphetamine psychosis resembles acute episodes of which psychological disorder?

a) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

b) Panic disorder

c) Antisocial personality disorder

d) Depression

e) Schizophrenia

119. Which of the following statements is true about amphetamines?

a) Amphetamines boost the availability of the neurotransmitter GABA in the brain.

b) High doses can induce schizophrenic-like symptoms.

c) At low doses, amphetamines have a sedating effect.

d) Amphetamines are found in nature.

e) Amphetamines activate the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

120. Which of the following people is at risk for inducing psychosis?

a) Rhonda, who abuses barbiturates

b) Roger, who abuses alcohol

c) Robyn, who abuses amphetamines

d) Reginald, who abuses heroin

e) Regina, who abuses nicotine

121. Cocaine increases brain levels of

a) acetylcholine.

b) GABA.

c) dopamine.

d) serotonin.

e) endorphins.

122. What is one difference between cocaine and amphetamines?

a) Only cocaine increases brain levels of dopamine.

b) Only cocaine can lead to a type of psychosis.

c) Cocaine is a depressant; amphetamines are stimulants.

d) Cocaine is made from a plant; amphetamines are manufactured in a laboratory using chemicals.

e) Cocaine slows down the heart and breathing rates; amphetamines raise them.

123. "Crack" is to ________ as "ice" is to ________.

a) stimulant; hallucinogen

b) cocaine; amphetamine

c) cocaine; MDMA

d) cocaine; marijuana

e) stimulant; depressant

124. Sherilyn takes MDMA. When she buys the drug at her local dance club, she asks for

a) bennies.

b) speed.

c) ecstasy.

d) acid.

e) crack.

125. Which of the following stimulants is likely to produce hallucinogenic effects?

a) Cocaine

b) Amphetamine

c) Nicotine

d) MDMA

e) Caffeine

126. Beth, a high school junior, ingested a popular drug at a late-night dance club. At first, she felt mildly euphoric and had some hallucinogenic visions, but as the night wore on, her jaw began chattering and she felt chills. Which drug did Beth take?

a) "Angel dust"

b) "Crack"

c) "Speed"

d) "Ecstasy"

e) "Crystal meth"

127. Which of the following is a "paradoxical" effect of the stimulant nicotine?

a) A mild "rush"

b) Decreased appetite

c) Increased arousal

d) Psychological dependence

e) Mental calmness and relaxation

128. Which of the following statements is true about the effects of smoking?

a) Smoking is more common among older adults than among younger adults.

b) Cigarette smoking is responsible for almost one in every three deaths from cancer in the United States.

c) Smoking is responsible for the deaths of about 2 million people each year worldwide.

d) Smoking rates are the highest they've been in 50 years.

e) Smokers die an average of 5 years earlier than nonsmokers.

129. Smokers are

a) more likely to be females than males.

b) more likely to be older than younger adults.

c) more likely to be more educated than less educated.

d) less numerous than people who have quit smoking.

e) not likely to have difficulty quitting the habit.

130. In recent years, the rates of teen smoking have

a) continued a long-term steady decline.

b) been decreasing dramatically.

c) been staying the same.

d) been increasing, reversing an earlier decline.

e) been decreasing slightly, reversing an earlier increase.

131. What is the most widely used psychoactive drug?

a) Alcohol

b) Nicotine

c) Caffeine

d) Marijuana

e) Valium

132. Which of the following statements regarding the use of caffeine is FALSE?

a) Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the United States.

b) Moderate use of caffeine is not known to be associated with health risks.

c) Drinking just a cup or two of coffee per day is enough to develop physiological dependence.

d) Once a person becomes physiologically dependent on caffeine, tolerance is sure to develop.

e) High doses of caffeine can make a person feel jittery and nervous.

133. Which of the following people is "hooked" on caffeine?

a) Clara, who drinks four cups of decaffeinated or herbal tea every day.

b) Shirley, who loves the flavor of the cherry-flavored caffeinated cough medicine that her mother gives her whenever she has a cold.

c) Jean, who drinks a Coke or orange juice interchangeably when she's thirsty.

d) William, who drinks Red Bull whenever he has to stay up and study for an exam.

e) Jim, who likes to have a cup of coffee every morning and gets headaches when he does not drink any.

134. Because hallucinogens alter sensory perceptions and produce sensory distortions, they are also called

a) antipsychotics.

b) psychedelics.

c) narcotics.

d) opioids.

e) sensoids.

135. The two most widely used hallucinogens are

a) LSD and MDMA.

b) MDMA and marijuana.

c) nicotine and caffeine.

d) alcohol and marijuana.

e) marijuana and LSD.

136. Which of the following statements is true about hallucinogens?

a) Hallucinogens can produce physiological dependence.

b) Hallucinogens can produce psychological dependence.

c) Hallucinogens always induce feelings of calm and relaxation.

d) MDMA is a type of hallucinogen.

e) Hallucinogens always induce feelings of paranoia and panic.

137. An LSD "trip" may last up to

a) 15 minutes.

b) 45 minutes.

c) 2 hours.

d) 6 hours.

e) 12 hours.

138. LSD has which of the following effects on a user?

a) Pupillary dilation

b) Decreased heart rate

c) Decreased blood pressure

d) Sleepiness

e) Decreased body temperature

139. A consequence of a bad "trip" on LSD might include

a) flashbacks.

b) a migraine headache.

c) delirium.

d) epileptic-like seizures.

e) delusions of persecution.

140. Which hallucinogen may cause feelings of blind rage?

a) LSD

b) PCP

c) MDMA

d) Cocaine

e) Mescaline

141. Which of these hallucinogens derive from natural substances and have been used by Native Americans for religious purposes?

a) PCP and LSD

b) Mescaline and psilocybin

c) Mescaline and LSD

d) Psilocybin and PCP

e) Marijuana and mescaline

142. "Angel dust" is another name for ________, which is a type of ________.

a) MDMA; stimulant

b) LSD; stimulant

c) LSD; hallucinogen

d) PCP; stimulant

e) PCP; hallucinogen

143. THC is the psychoactive ingredient in

a) PCP.

b) MDMA.

c) LSD.

d) marijuana.

e) psilocybin.

144. Jason just took PCP and now appears to be mentally confused. He is disoriented and is having difficulty focusing his attention. Jason is experiencing

a) withdrawal.

b) psychosis.

c) delirium.

d) tolerance.

e) lucidity.

145. Hashish is a potent form of which psychoactive drug?

a) Marijuana

b) Cocaine

c) Mescaline

d) Methamphetamine

e) Ecstasy

146. Harriet uses the mostly widely used illicit drug in the United States. What is Harriet's drug of choice?

a) Nicotine

b) Cocaine

c) LSD

d) Marijuana

e) Alcohol

147. Which of the following statements about marijuana is true?

a) It does not impair one's ability to drive.

b) Its use decreases heart rate.

c) It is classified as a stimulant.

d) It introduces cancer-causing substances into the body.

e) It is a synthetic drug.

148. Which of the following best describes the major risks of cocaine?

a) Strong addictive potential; implicated in some cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other physical disorders.

b) With heavy use, can cause liver disorders.

c) In high doses, can cause jitteriness and sleeplessness; may increase risk of miscarriage.

d) Intense anxiety, flashbacks.

e) High addictive potential; risk of sudden death from overdose; in high doses, can have psychotic effects.

149. Which of the following drugs can lead to psychological but not physiological dependence?

a) Nicotine

b) Cocaine

c) MDMA

d) Caffeine

e) LSD

150. Juanita and Emilia are Latino sisters who were both raised in a family and community that discouraged drinking among women. Juanita has been living in the United States for 15 years, while Emilia has remained in their home country. Now, Juanita drinks alcohol much more regularly and heavily than Emilia. This is an example of which type of influence on drug use?

a) Acculturation

b) Genetics

c) Peer pressure

d) Biological

e) Socioeconomic

151. In which culture is alcohol forbidden?

a) Greek

b) Italian

c) Jewish

d) Japanese

e) Islamic

152. Which of the following statements is true about the role of genetic factors in alcohol dependence?

a) Inheriting a greater sensitivity for the negative effects of alcohol puts one at greater risk for developing problems with alcohol.

b) Some people have a genetic tendency that makes the effects of alcohol particularly rewarding or stimulating.

c) Genetic factors do not appear to play a role in alcohol dependence.

d) Scientists have isolated a single gene that appears to increase the likelihood of developing alcohol dependence.

e) Those who inherit a greater tolerance for alcohol's negative effects are at less risk of becoming alcoholics.

153. Many of the drugs of abuse share the tendency to increase levels of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

a) Dopamine

b) Serotonin

c) Acetylcholine

d) GABA

e) Epinephrine

154. Inheriting a greater tolerance for the negative effects of alcohol

a) makes it more likely that one will develop alcoholism.

b) makes it less likely that one will develop alcoholism.

c) has no effect on whether one will develop alcoholism.

d) has a different effect on men than on women in terms of whether one will develop alcoholism.

e) makes it easier to say no to alcohol use.

155. All of the following are considered psychological factors that contribute to the development of drug use and dependence EXCEPT

a) a high need for sensation-seeking.

b) desire to escape troubling emotions.

c) feelings of hopelessness.

d) desire to reduce anxiety.

e) high feelings of self-worth

156. Dr. Schumann, a health psychologist, believes that changing the image children have of drug users is the key to success in preventing childhood drug use. Which type of factor influencing drug use is Dr. Schumann addressing?

a) Psychological

b) Emotional

c) Genetic

d) Cultural

e) Cognitive

157. Which of the following is a common treatment for opioid addiction?

a) Oxycontin

b) Codeine

c) Methedrine

d) Methadone

e) Vicodin

158. Fernando just entered a drug treatment center for his chemical dependency. He is currently going through a process in which his body is cleared of drugs. What is this process called?

a) Detoxification

b) Dissociation

c) Withdrawal

d) Tolerance

e) Analgesia

159. Discuss the social, biological, and psychological factors that contribute to alcohol and drug abuse.

160. Which of the following people is demonstrating a behavior conducive to getting a good night's sleep?

a) Jordan, who runs on the treadmill for at least 30 minutes every night right before bedtime

b) Kim, who has a cup of tea and a piece of chocolate before retiring every night

c) Lloyd, who goes to bed and gets up at the same time every day, even on weekends and holidays

d) Monica, who always takes an afternoon nap

e) Neil, who reads in bed every night until he falls asleep

161. All of the following can help a person develop healthier sleeping patterns EXCEPT

a) maintaining a regular sleep schedule.

b) taking naps to make up for lost sleep the preceding night.

c) exercising regularly.

d) limiting intake of caffeine.

e) establishing a regular bedtime routine.

162. Outline the steps that can prevent insomnia.

1.

Regarding consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)

Waking consciousness changes regularly throughout the day, ranging from focused awareness to divided consciousness to drifting consciousness.

B)

Research on multitasking generally supports the common perception that “To do two things at once is to do neither.”

C)

Negative ways of thinking act like mental filters in one's consciousness that can skew how a person interprets and reacts to events in their lives.

D)

Drifting consciousness often leads to daydreaming.

E)

Since altered states of consciousness are produced by taking drugs, people should avoid attempting to change their states of consciousness.

2.

Who is generally regarded as the father of American psychology and recognized for his contributions to the study of consciousness?

A)

Wilhelm Wundt

B)

Sigmund Freud

C)

William James

D)

Alan Rechtschaffen

E)

Ernest Hilgard

3.

Wylene is able to pay attention to street signs as she drives her pick-up truck, but is not aware o