PSYC Psychology Chapter 2 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

PSYC Psychology Chapter 2 answers complete solutions for any quiz and exam

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1. Regarding neurons, which of the following is true?

a) There is only one type of neuron.

b) They transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses.

c) They contain chemicals called hormones.

d) They are the only cells found in the nervous system.

e) They are also called nerves.

2. The fundamental building block of the nervous system is the

a) axon.

b) cell body.

c) neuron.

d) soma.

e) dendrite.

3. The parts of a neuron are the soma, the axon, the dendrites, and the

a) terminal buttons.

b) neurotransmitters.

c) synapse.

d) interneurons.

e) glial cells.

4. The component of a neuron that performs the metabolic functions of the cell is the

a) soma.

b) axon.

c) terminal button.

d) synapse.

e) dendrite.

5. Regarding a neuron's soma, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

a) The soma contains terminal buttons.

b) The soma is the neuron's cell body.

c) The soma performs life-sustaining functions of the cell.

d) The soma contains the cell's genetic material.

e) The soma houses the cell's nucleus.

6. Another name for soma is

a) nucleus.

b) nucleolus.

c) synapse.

d) cell body.

e) interneuron.

7. In a neuron, the ________ conducts information to other neurons, and the ________ receives signals from other neurons.

a) soma; synapse

b) dendrite; axon

c) synapse; soma

d) dendrite; synapse

e) axon; dendrite

8. Which of the following best describes a synapse?

a) A tiny gap that separates one neuron from another

b) The tubelike part of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons

c) Rootlike structures that receive neural impulses from other neurons

d) Body organs or structures that produce secretions

e) A bundle of axons from different neurons that transmit nerve impulses

9. What is the job of a dendrite?

a) To send signals to other neurons

b) To receive signals from other neurons

c) To synthesize neurotransmitters

d) To control metabolic functions

e) To generate action potentials

10. Which part(s) of a neuron may range in size from a few thousandths of an inch to several feet long?

a) Axon

b) Synapse

c) Terminal buttons

d) Soma

e) Dendrites

11. Which of the following is the function of the soma?

a) Sending signals to other neurons

b) Controlling metabolic processes

c) Producing myelin

d) Receiving signals from other neurons

e) Releasing neurotransmitters to other neurons

12. In a neuron, ________ is to sending as ________ is to receiving.

a) soma; synapse

b) terminal button; synapse

c) axon; dendrite

d) terminal button; soma

e) dendrite; axon

13. The knoblike swellings at the ends of axons are called

a) terminal buttons.

b) synapses.

c) soma.

d) dendrites.

e) nodes of Ranvier.

14. Neurotransmitters are stored in which part(s) of the neuron?

a) The cell body

b) The axon

c) The dendrites

d) The terminal buttons

e) The soma

15. The small fluid-filled gap through which neural impulses are carried is called the

a) axon.

b) nerve.

c) synapse.

d) soma.

e) terminal button.

16. What is the job of a synapse?

a) To produce neurotransmitters

b) To provide a place where neurons can communicate with one another

c) To house the neuron's genetic material

d) To allow an attachment between the axon and the cell body

e) To release neurotransmitters

17. There are ________ types of neurons in the human nervous system, and these are called ________.

a) two; axons and dendrites

b) two; interneurons and glial cells

c) three; afferent, efferent, and associative cells

d) three; glial cells, nerves, and myelin cells

e) three; nodes of Ranvier, glial cells, and myelin cells

18. What is the most common type of neuron in the nervous system?

a) Sensory

b) Motor

c) Somatic

d) Afferent

e) Interneuron

19. In neurons, efferent is to ________ as afferent is to ________.

a) sensory; motor

b) motor; sensory

c) motor; interneuron

d) interneuron; sensory

e) sensory; interneuron

20. What is true about afferent neurons?

a) They transmit information about the outside world to the spinal cord and brain.

b) They convey messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body, thus controlling movement.

c) They convey messages to glands for the release of hormones.

d) They connect neurons to other neurons.

e) They are also known as motor neurons.

21. Which type of neuron conveys messages from your brain and spinal cord to your muscles in order to control your body's movements?

a) Interneuron

b) Sensory

c) Afferent

d) Motor

e) Associative

22. In math class, Aaron is planning his next birthday party and thinking about whom to invite. Which neurons in his brain are involved in the planning and thinking?

a) Motor

b) Interneurons

c) Afferent

d) Efferent

e) Sensory

23. Associative neuron is another name for

a) sensory neuron.

b) motor neuron.

c) interneuron.

d) efferent neuron.

e) somatic neuron.

24. Besides the neuron, the other main type of cell in the nervous system is the

a) glial cell.

b) synaptic cell.

c) nerve cell.

d) somatic cell.

e) myelin cell.

25. During his first three years of life, Jason has developed many motor skills, such as crawling, walking, and running. In terms of brain function, Jason's motor development is the result of which process?

a) Stripping of the nodes of Ranvier

b) Myelination

c) Depolarization

d) Development of action potentials

e) The regulation of hormones

26. The term white matter refers to

a) clusters of glial cells.

b) myelinated axons.

c) clusters of synapses.

d) nodes of Ranvier.

e) unmyelinated axons.

27. Glands receive messages from which type of neurons?

a) Afferent

b) Associative

c) Motor

d) Interneurons

e) Sensory

28. The fatty layer of cells that is wrapped around many axons is called the

a) myelin sheath.

b) synaptic cover.

c) dendritic wrap.

d) terminal button.

e) soma.

29. The word glial is derived from the Greek word for

a) "glacial."

b) "gelatinous."

c) "glasslike."

d) "glide."

e) "glue."

30. Glial cells do all of the following EXCEPT

a) form the myelin sheath.

b) assist neurons in communicating with each other.

c) remove waste products from neurons.

d) amplify pain signals.

e) produce neurotransmitters.

31. Gaps in myelin that create noninsulated areas along an axon are called

a) nodes of Ranvier.

b) terminal buttons.

c) synapses.

d) receptors.

e) interneurons.

32. Thirty-nine-year-old Marilyn has a disease that has slowed down the transmission of her nerve impulses. This slowing down is a result of the loss of myelin. What disease does Marilyn have?

a) Cerebral palsy

b) Polio

c) Alzheimer's

d) Multiple sclerosis

e) Parkinson's

33. Approximately how much does the human brain weigh?

a) 1 pound

b) 2 pounds

c) 3 pounds

d) 4 pounds

e) 5 pounds

34. Ions are

a) always neutral

b) always positively charged

c) always negatively charged

d) either positively or negatively charged

e) able to change from a positive to a negative charge, and vice versa.

35. The resting potential of a neuron is the result of a

a) high concentration of sodium ions outside the cell.

b) high concentration of sodium ions inside the cell.

c) low concentration of potassium ions outside the cell.

d) high concentration of potassium ions inside the cell.

e) low concentration of chloride ions inside the cell.

36. What is the approximate resting potential of a neuron?

a) –50 mV

b) –70 mV

c) +50 mV

d) +70 mV

e) 0 mV

37. When a neuron is at rest,

a) it is not being sufficiently stimulated.

b) the gates that control the passage of potassium ions are closed.

c) there is a greater concentration of positively charged sodium ions inside the cell body than outside of it.

d) it has a slightly positive charge.

e) it has zero potential energy.

38. The process by which stimulation causes a neuron's sodium gate to open and allows positively charged molecules to enter, thereby lessening the negative charge of the neuron, is called

a) neuromodulation.

b) reuptake.

c) the refractory period.

d) ionic movement.

e) depolarization.

39. Depolarization occurs when the neuron becomes

a) less negative due to influx of sodium ions.

b) more negative due to influx of sodium ions.

c) more negative due to influx of potassium.

d) less negative due to outflow of sodium ions.

e) more negative due to outflow of sodium ions.

40. Another term for an action potential is

a) neuromodulator.

b) polarization.

c) reuptake.

d) ionic movement.

e) neural impulse.

41. The abrupt shift in the charge of a neuron from a negative to a positive charge is known as

a) depolarization.

b) reuptake.

c) an action potential.

d) a reticular formation.

e) lateralization.

42. Which of the following is true of action potentials?

a) The thicker the axon, the faster they travel.

b) They go faster than a speeding bullet.

c) They move more slowly along axons that are covered by myelin sheaths.

d) They are initiated when the axon shifts from a positive to a negative charge.

e) They occur during the refractory period.

43. Which of the following occurs during the refractory period?

a) Sodium gates open.

b) Potassium ions are pumped in.

c) Sodium ions are pumped in.

d) The neuron shifts from a negative to a positive charge.

e) The neuron is temporarily incapable of firing.

44. Which of the following statements is true about neurotransmitters?

a) Neurotransmitters affect the physiological, but not the psychological, functioning of the person.

b) Neurotransmitters are released by tiny sacs in the axon called neuromodulators.

c) Neurotransmitters are interchangeable in that each of them can fit into any receptor site.

d) Neurotransmitters that are not absorbed by a receiving cell cannot be reused and must be eliminated from the body.

e) Neurotransmitters can have inhibitory effects, excitatory effects, or both.

45. Prolonged neurotransmitter activity is prevented by all of the following functions EXCEPT

a) reuptake.

b) release of excitatory neurotransmitters.

c) breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes.

d) regulation of sensitivity to neurotransmitters.

e) release of neuromodulators.

46. Which term best describes the nature of reuptake?

a) Destroy

b) Create

c) Recycle

d) Alter

e) Deplete

47. In the treatment of schizophrenia, antipsychotic drugs serve as ________ that block receptor sites for ________.

a) agonists; dopamine

b) antagonists; dopamine

c) agonists; glutamate

d) agonists; serotonin

e) antagonists; serotonin

48. Which disorder is often characterized by hallucinations and delusions?

a) Parkinson's disease

b) Depression

c) Panic disorder

d) Anorexia nervosa

e) Schizophrenia

49. Regarding neurotransmitters, ________ is to blocking as ________ is to enhancing.

a) agonist; anti-agonist

b) antagonist; agonist

c) anti-agonist; agonist

d) anti-agonist; antagonist

e) agonist; antagonist

50. Psychologists believe that irregularities in the transmission of which neurotransmitter may help explain schizophrenia?

a) Glutamate

b) Dopamine

c) Norepinephrine

d) Epinephrine

e) GABA

51. Which neurotransmitter is most involved in the neural pathways in the brain that regulate pleasure states?

a) GABA

b) Glutamate

c) Dopamine

d) Serotonin

e) Norepinephrine

52. Which of the following happens at the synapse?

a) Neural impulses jump from one side of it to the other.

b) Neurotransmitters go across it.

c) Axons of neurons touch dendrites of other neurons.

d) Vesicles are released into it from terminal buttons.

e) Neurotransmitters are absorbed by the fluid.

53. Teresa was just diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. During an online chat, she gleaned a lot of information about the disease, but not all of it was accurate. One correct fact that she learned is that

a) there is no genetic basis to the disease.

b) certain cells in her brain are dying.

c) she'll likely experience mostly psychological, not physical, symptoms.

d) the disease will progress up to a point and then stabilize.

e) the disease involves a shortage of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

54. Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain can result in

a) Huntington's disease.

b) polio.

c) Parkinson's disease.

d) multiple sclerosis.

e) Alzheimer's disease.

55. Agonists may do which of the following?

a) Decrease the production of neurotransmitters

b) Decrease the sensitivity of receptor sites to neurotransmitters

c) Prevent the reuptake of neurotransmitters

d) Prevent transmission of neurotransmitter messages

e) Block receptor sites

excitatory neurotransmitter that helps keep the central nervous system aroused?

a) GABA

b) Serotonin

c) Endorphin

d) Glutamate

e) Dopamine

57. Jane was administered a drug that acts as an antagonist to dopamine. Jane is likely suffering from

a) schizophrenia.

b) alcoholism.

c) Parkinson's disease.

d) multiple sclerosis.

e) Alzheimer's disease.

58. Cocaine and amphetamines increase the availability of

a) glutamate.

b) serotonin.

c) acetylcholine.

d) dopamine.

e) GABA.

59. Which of the following acts as an antagonist?

a) Cocaine

b) Alcohol

c) Fluoxetine

d) Caffeine

e) Curare

60. Which of the following neurotransmitters prevents neurons from overly exciting their neighbors?

a) GABA

b) Glutamate

c) Dopamine

d) Acetylcholine

e) Serotonin

61. Alcohol increases the sensitivity of receptor sites for

a) glutamate.

b) GABA.

c) serotonin.

d) endorphins.

e) dopamine.

62. Anxiety disorders may be due to reduced levels of

a) dopamine.

b) glutamate.

c) acetylcholine.

d) GABA.

e) fluoxetine.

63. The inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate moods, produces feelings of satiation after eating, and induces sleepiness is

a) glutamate.

b) acetylcholine.

c) epinephrine.

d) serotonin.

e) dopamine.

64. Sixteen-year-old Anton takes Prozac for his depression. Chemically speaking, Prozac works for Anton by increasing the availability of which neurotransmitter in his brain?

a) Dopamine

b) GABA

c) Acetylcholine

d) Glutamate

e) Serotonin

65. The brain naturally produces neurotransmitters that are "chemical cousins" of narcotic drugs. They are called

a) adrenaline and noradrenaline.

b) glutamates.

c) gamma-aminobutyric acids.

d) endorphins.

e) epinephrine and norepinephrine.

66. Sharon is a long-distance runner. After a certain point in her workout, she begins to feel a natural "high" instead of pain. This feeling is a result of chemicals in her brain called

a) dopamines.

b) acetylcholines.

c) endorphins.

d) glutamates.

e) serotonins.

67. Describe the main components of a neuron and explain how it transmits information internally.

68. Which nervous system would send information about the wavelengths of the colors of the rainbow to the brain?

a) Central

b) Autonomic

c) Parasympathetic

d) Somatic

e) Sympathetic

69. Explain the difference between antagonists and agonists and why it is important from a pharmaceutical point of view.

70. The brain and the spinal cord make up the

a) nervous system.

b) somatic nervous system.

c) peripheral nervous system.

d) autonomic nervous system.

e) central nervous system.

71. Which nervous system connects the spinal cord and brain with the sensory organs and muscles?

a) The autonomic

b) The central

c) The parasympathetic

d) The somatic

e) The sympathetic

72. The peripheral nervous system consists of

a) the brain and the spinal cord.

b) the somatic nervous system and the central nervous system.

c) the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.

d) the autonomic nervous system, the somatic nervous system, and the central nervous system.

e) the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

73. Which of the following statements about spinal reflexes is true?

a) They are learned.

b) They bypass the brain.

c) They always involve interneurons.

d) They can be voluntarily controlled.

e) They always involve many neurons.

74. The sympathetic nervous system is to ________ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to ________.

a) turning down the alarm; turning up the alarm

b) fostering digestion; inhibiting digestion

c) low-key emotions; strong emotions

d) slowed-down bodily processes; speeded-up bodily processes

e) more energy; less energy

75. On a camping trip, Eleni accidentally steps on a hot coal from the campfire. Upon touching the coal, her foot reflexively withdraws from the coal. What is the sequence of response in Eleni's neurons?

a) Sensory neuron – interneuron – motor neuron

b) Sensory neuron – motor neuron – interneuron

c) Motor neuron – interneuron – sensory neuron

d) Motor neuron – sensory neuron – interneuron

e) Interneuron – sensory neuron – motor neuron

76. Regarding the autonomic nervous system, which of the following is true?

a) It is not possible to voluntarily control its functions.

b) It is another name for the somatic nervous system.

c) It is part of the central nervous system.

d) It regulates the heartbeat, respiration, and digestion.

e) It transmits messages between the brain and the sensory organs.

77. Your heartbeat, digestion, and pupil dilations are ________ processes regulated by the ________ nervous system.

a) involuntary; somatic

b) involuntary; autonomic

c) controllable; somatic

d) voluntary; somatic

e) voluntary; autonomic

78. Which of the following situations involves the type of physical functioning primarily influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system?

a) Aaron was just cut off by a driver who almost caused him to go off the road into a ditch.

b) Betty is doing meditation and positive visualization.

c) Chan is lying, which causes his pupils to dilate.

d) Dawn's heart beats faster as she prepares to take her first psychology exam.

e) Evan's breathing rate increases while he is giving a speech.

79. What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

a) The central and the peripheral nervous systems

b) The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems

c) The somatic and the peripheral nervous systems

d) The central and the somatic nervous systems

e) The brain and the spinal cord

80. The sympathetic nervous system does all of the following EXCEPT

a) increase heart rate.

b) inhibit salivation.

c) increase respiration.

d) draw stored energy from bodily reserves.

e) promote digestion.

81. Your parasympathetic nervous system is involved in which of the following?

a) Increasing your heart rate

b) Stimulating your digestive activity

c) Dilating your pupils

d) Releasing sugar from your liver to the blood

e) Increasing your rate of breathing

82. Summarize the basic structure of the nervous system.

83. Which part of the brain is matched up correctly with one of its structures?

a) The hindbrain contains the reticular formation.

b) The midbrain contains the basal ganglia.

c) The forebrain contains the hypothalamus.

d) The hindbrain contains the limbic system.

e) The forebrain contains the pons.

84. Which of the following is part of the midbrain?

a) The cerebellum

b) The reticular formation

c) The medulla

d) The pons

e) The brainstem

85. Which of the following functions is controlled by the medulla?

a) Memory formation

b) Arousal

c) Balance and coordination

d) Vision

e) Sneezing

86. Trina has recently been having trouble staying awake throughout the day. Which area of Trina's brain is related to her difficulty?

a) Cerebellum

b) Pons

c) Medulla

d) Cerebrum

e) Hippocampus

87. Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?

a) Cerebrum

b) Cerebellum

c) Pons

d) Medulla

e) Thalamus

88. The fact that alcohol often causes problems with balance and coordination suggests that it may have an effect on the

a) cerebrum.

b) corpus callosum.

c) cerebellum.

d) thalamus.

e) reticular formation.

89. Brianna, a new mother, is able to sleep through the noise of her husband watching a boxing match on TV. However, as soon as the baby wakes up and gives a little cry, Brianna wakes up. The part of the brain that filters out the TV noise but allows her to hear the baby's cry, even in her sleep, is the

a) basal ganglia.

b) hypothalamus.

c) amygdala.

d) reticular formation.

e) hippocampus.

90. As a result of brain damage, an animal is permanently asleep. This suggests damage to what part of the animal's brain?

a) Corpus callosum

b) Reticular formation

c) Hypothalamus

d) Amygdala

e) Hippocampus

91. The forebrain contains all of the following structures EXCEPT the

a) thalamus.

b) basal ganglia.

c) hypothalamus.

d) amygdala.

e) cerebellum.

92. Which structure of the forebrain plays a key role in regulating voluntary movement such as walking?

a) Basal ganglia

b) Medulla

c) Reticular formation

d) Limbic system

e) Thalamus

93. Which brain structure is best described as a "relay station"?

a) Hypothalamus

b) Thalamus

c) Basal ganglia

d) Limbic system

e) Cerebellum

94. All of the following senses are routed through the thalamus EXCEPT

a) touch.

b) taste.

c) smell.

d) vision.

e) hearing.

95. Which brain structure regulates such bodily functions as thirst and hunger, fluid concentrations, and body temperature?

a) Reticular formation

b) Hippocampus

c) Thalamus

d) Medulla

e) Hypothalamus

96. Damage to which brain structure might result in excessive eating?

a) Hypothalamus

b) Medulla

c) Pons

d) Cerebrum

e) Amygdala

97. Regarding the limbic system, which of the following statements is true?

a) The limbic system is located in the midbrain.

b) The limbic system regulates hunger and thirst.

c) The limbic system includes the basal ganglia.

d) The limbic system plays a role in emotional processing and memory.

e) The limbic system is important in controlling balance and coordination.

98. The pons is

a) part of the limbic system.

b) located in the hindbrain.

c) part of the basal ganglia.

d) located in the midbrain.

e) the largest part of the forebrain.

99. If you were to look at the structures in the forebrain, you would find that the hippocampus is shaped like a(n)

a) pea.

b) almond.

c) egg.

d) web.

e) seahorse.

100. Regarding the midbrain, which of the following statements is true?

a) The midbrain plays an important role in the regulation of memory and emotions.

b) The midbrain is the oldest part of the brain in evolutionary terms.

c) The midbrain helps to keep the eyes focused when the head moves.

d) The midbrain contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

e) The midbrain is the largest part of the brain.

101. After a motorcycle accident in which she wasn't wearing a helmet, Vanessa has difficulty responding emotionally to unpleasant stimuli. Vanessa most likely experienced damage to which brain structure?

a) Medulla

b) Amygdala

c) Thalamus

d) Hippocampus

e) Cerebellum

102. The brain structure that is located just behind the amygdala and plays an important role in the formation of memories is the

a) hypothalamus.

b) thalamus.

c) hippocampus.

d) cerebellum.

e) pons.

103. The cerebral cortex accounts for approximately what percentage of the brain's total mass?

a) 25 percent

b) 40 percent

c) 50 percent

d) 80 percent

e) 90 percent

104. The thin, outer layer of the cerebrum is called the

a) corpus callosum.

b) cerebral cortex.

c) basal ganglia.

d) reticular formation.

e) forebrain.

105. Which brain structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

a) The cerebrum

b) The basil ganglia

c) The hippocampus

d) The brain stem

e) The corpus callosum

106. In the cerebral cortex, ________ is to vision as ________ is to hearing.

a) occipital; parietal

b) temporal; frontal

c) frontal; parietal

d) parietal; temporal

e) occipital; temporal

107. Which lobe processes information related to touch and body movement?

a) Occipital

b) Temporal

c) Parietal

d) Frontal

e) Cerebral

108. Damage to which portion of the cerebral cortex would most likely interfere with a person's hearing?

a) Temporal lobe

b) Occipital lobe

c) Parietal lobe

d) Association cortex

e) Somatosensory cortex

109. After a car accident, Brandon lost some of his visual abilities. Which portion of Brandon's cerebral cortex was probably damaged in the accident?

a) Somatosensory lobe

b) Temporal lobe

c) Parietal lobe

d) Frontal lobe

e) Occipital lobe

110. Which lobe processes somatosensory information?

a) Occipital

b) Frontal

c) Temporal

d) Parietal

e) Cerebral

111. Following brain damage, Takami cannot feel stimulation of her arms. She probably suffered damage to which portion of the brain?

a) Frontal lobe

b) Parietal lobe

c) Temporal lobe

d) Occipital lobe

e) Corpus callosum

112. Stimulation of which part of the cerebral cortex would result in the experience of sensation from a body part?

a) Frontal lobe

b) Association areas

c) Temporal lobe

d) Occipital lobe

e) Parietal lobe

113. Which lobe is best described as the "executive center" of the brain?

a) Temporal

b) Occipital

c) Parietal

d) Cerebral

e) Frontal

114. Which of the following statements is true about the frontal cortex?

a) The frontal lobes process information related to hot and cold temperature.

b) The frontal lobes contain the somatosensory cortex.

c) The frontal lobes process auditory information.

d) The frontal lobes are the ones best described as containing "you."

e) The frontal lobes are involved in processing visual stimuli.

115. Which part of the forebrain can be likened to the central processing unit of a computer?

a) The frontal lobe

b) The temporal lobe

c) The cerebral lobe

d) The parietal lobe

e) The occipital lobe

116. The majority of the cortex is made up of the

a) frontal lobe.

b) parietal lobe.

c) corpus callosum.

d) association areas.

e) occipital lobe.

117. Which part of the brain is responsible for piecing together sensory input to form meaningful perceptions of the world?

a) The frontal lobe

b) The association areas

c) The temporal lobe

d) The parietal lobe

e) The occipital lobe

118. Outline the structure and function of the cerebral cortex.

119. Sonal is at a brain research center, participating in a study. She is hooked up to a machine that measures electrical activity in her brain through the use of electrodes attached to her scalp. Which technique is the researcher using with Sonal?

a) Computed tomography

b) Electroencephalography

c) Positron emission tomography

d) Magnetic resonance imagery

e) Lesioning

120. Which technique takes snapshots of the brain in action?

a) Computed tomography

b) Electroencephalography

c) CT scan

d) Magnetic resonance imagery

e) Functional magnetic resonance imagery

121. A technique that uses measurement of radioactive isotopes to evaluate the activity of the brain is

a) electroencephalography.

b) computerized tomography.

c) lesioning.

d) magnetic resonance imaging.

e) positron emission tomography.

122. To see whether Jay's headaches were caused by a tumor, Dr. Ariton passed an X-ray beam through Jay's head from different angles to produce a three-dimensional image. Dr. Ariton was using which imaging technique?

a) Electroencephalography

b) Computerized tomography

c) Lesioning

d) Magnetic resonance imaging

e) Positron emission tomography

123. Which technique has helped scientists understand why people cannot tickle themselves?

a) Functional MRI

b) MRI

c) PET scan

d) EEG

e) Lesioning

124. Scientists were able to discover how individual neurons in the visual cortex respond to particular types of visual stimuli using which experimental method?

a) Electrical recording

b) Electrical stimulation

c) Lesioning

d) PET scan

e) Computed topography scanning

125. A lesion is

a) an electrode that is placed in the brain to stimulate neurons.

b) an electrode that is placed in the brain to record neural activity.

c) damage in the tissue of the brain.

d) a doughnut-shaped device used to produce an image of the brain.

e) an image generated by a PET scan.

126. In which type of experimental brain study technique does the investigator pass a mild electric current through certain parts of the brain in order to determine which parts are involved in controlling particular behaviors?

a) Electric shock therapy

b) Electrical recording

c) Positron emission tomography

d) Electroencephalograph

e) Electrical stimulation

127. Destroying a section of brain tissue to determine its effects on function is called

a) positron emission tomography.

b) computerized tomography.

c) magnetic resonance imaging.

d) lesioning.

e) electroencephalography.

128. Summarize the major recording and imaging techniques used to study the brain.

129. Typically, the right hemisphere would play a dominant role in which of the following functions?

a) Speaking

b) Reading

c) Writing

d) Logical analysis

e) Face recognition

130. The division of functions between the right and left hemispheres of the brain is termed

a) homeostasis.

b) plasticity.

c) split-brain.

d) handedness.

e) lateralization.

131. Regarding language dominance and handedness, which of the following statements is true?

a) Among the majority of right-handed people, the right hemisphere is dominant for language.

b) Among the majority of left-handed people, the right hemisphere is dominant for language.

c) The right hemisphere is dominant for language among right-handed people, and the left hemisphere is dominant for language among left-handed people.

d) About 15 percent of left-handed people show a pattern of mixed dominance.

e) Compared to right-handed people, left-handed people are more likely to be left-hemisphere dominant.

132. For most people, Broca's area is located in the ________ lobe, and Wernicke's area is located in the ________ lobe.

a) left frontal; left temporal

b) left frontal; right frontal

c) right frontal; left temporal

d) right frontal; right temporal

e) right temporal; left temporal

133. Damage to Broca's area or Wernicke's area can lead to

a) Alzheimer's disease.

b) paralysis.

c) amnesia.

d) Parkinson's disease.

e) aphasia.

134. As a result of the car accident, two friends sustained a brain injury. Patrick had significant damage in his Broca's area, whereas Angelo had significant damage in his Wernicke's area. Consequently, Patrick was unable to ________, and Angelo was unable to ________.

a) use his left hand; use his right hand

b) think clearly; express emotions

c) speak; understand speech

d) dance; sing

e) write; read

135. Recent research suggests that hand preference begins to develop

a) before birth.

b) during the first six months of life.

c) between ages 1 and 2.

d) between ages 3 and 4.

e) around age 5 or 6.

136. Among five sets of identical twins, how many pairs are expected to share the same hand preference?

a) One pair

b) Two pairs

c) Three pairs

d) Four pairs

e) All five pairs

137. Which of the following statements is true about handedness?

a) Handedness is determined wholly by genes.

b) Females are more likely than males to be left-handed.

c) About 95 percent of fetuses suck their right thumbs, and about 95 percent of people are right-handed.

d) When one parent is left-handed and one parent is right-handed, the chances of their offspring being left-handed are 1 in 2.

e) Forcing a child to switch to his or her non-dominant hand does no harm and can only benefit the child in the long run.

138. Split-brain patients are the result of an operation that severs the

a) cerebrum.

b) cerebellum.

c) corpus callosum.

d) cortex.

e) reticular formation.

139. Jackson had an operation in which his corpus callosum was severed. It is most likely that Jackson had which disease?

a) Epilepsy

b) Parkinson's disease

c) Huntington's disease

d) Alzheimer's disease

e) Multiple sclerosis

140. In a split-brain research study, what will happen when a pencil is presented in the patient's visual field?

a) The patient will be able to pick out the pencil from a group of objects, but not be able to say "pencil" regardless of which visual field the pencil is presented to.

b) The patient will be able to say "pencil," but will not be able to pick out the pencil from a group of objects regardless of which visual field the pencil is presented to.

c) The patient will be able to say "pencil" when the pencil is presented to the right visual field, but not when it is presented to the left visual field.

d) The patient will be able to say "pencil" when the pencil is presented to the left visual field, but not when it is presented to the right visual field.

e) The patient will be able to pick out the pencil from a group of objects, but will not be able to say "pencil" when the pencil is presented to the right visual field.

141. Phineas Gage showed severe personality changes following an accident that damaged his

a) temporal cortex.

b) hypothalamus.

c) hippocampus.

d) prefrontal cortex.

e) cerebellum.

142. In the case of Phineas Gage discussed in the text, what type of brain injury did Gage experience?

a) A stroke

b) An epileptic seizure

c) A concussion

d) A cerebral hemorrhage

e) A laceration

143. The brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself following trauma or surgical alteration is termed

a) aphasia.

b) plasticity.

c) biofeedback.

d) concordance.

e) depolarization.

144. John was playing football and received a blow to the head when he was tackled. John's injury is called a(n)

a) laceration.

b) concussion.

c) stroke.

d) lesioning.

e) epileptic seizure.

145. Discuss the consequences of split-brain surgery that severs the corpus callosum.

146. The endocrine system includes which parts of the body?

a) Major organs

b) Tendons

c) Muscles

d) Nerves

e) Glands

147. Diabetes results from irregularities in the functioning of the hormone that regulates the concentration of glucose in the blood. That hormone is

a) insulin.

b) hGRF.

c) melatonin.

d) ACTH.

e) epinephrine.

148. Disturbances in the sleep-wake cycles may be due to the hormone ________, which is secreted by the ________ gland.

a) ACTH; pituitary

b) melatonin; pineal

c) epinephrine; thyroid

d) ACTH; pancreas

e) melatonin; hypothalamus

149. Which of the following terms best captures the meaning of homeostasis?

a) Bisexuality

b) Sedation

c) Excitement

d) Balance

e) Activity

150. Releasing factors are secreted by the

a) hypothalamus.

b) hippocampus.

c) pituitary gland.

d) pineal gland.

e) pancreas.

151. Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete other hormones that promote muscle development?

a) Melatonin

b) Epinephrine

c) Norepinephrine

d) ACTH

e) Progesterone

152. Winnie has a disease in which her pancreas produces too little insulin. What is Winnie's disease?

a) Diabetes

b) Parkinson's

c) Cerebral palsy

d) Aphasia

e) Premenstrual syndrome

153. The hormone ________ is to the pituitary gland as the hormone ________ is to the pancreas.

a) ACTH; oxytocin

b) oxytocin; insulin

c) insulin; norepinephrine

d) norepinephrine; melatonin

e) melatonin; ACTH

154. Which gland is best described as the "master gland"?

a) The pineal

b) The pituitary

c) The pancreas

d) The thyroid

e) The hypothalamus

155. Milly just found out that she is pregnant. In order to maintain the pregnancy, her ovaries will need to produce which hormone?

a) Estrogen

b) ACTH

c) Testosterone

d) Progesterone

e) Melatonin

156. The male sex hormones are produced by the ________, and female sex hormones are produced by the ________.

a) testes; ovaries

b) adrenals; gonads

c) pineal; ovaries

d) pituitary; hypothalamus

e) adrenals; testes

157. Gonads are ________ glands.

a) adrenal

b) pituitary

c) sex

d) pineal

e) thyroid

158. Of the following hormones, which is most likely to be related to aggressive behavior?

a) Epinephrine

b) Melatonin

c) Testosterone

d) Progesterone

e) ACTH

159. Charlize is excessively anxious and irritable. Charlize probably has an excess of which type of hormone?

a) Thyroid

b) Melatonin

c) ACTH

d) Insulin

e) Cortical steroids

160. Which of the following statements is true about premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

a) About 45 percent of women experience some form of PMS.

b) PMS may be caused by fluctuating levels of testosterone during the menstrual cycle.

c) Researchers are unsure about the causes of PMS.

d) PMS occurs at the same time as the menstrual flow.

e) Some research has linked PMS to disturbances in the functioning of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.

161. Discuss the relationship between hormones and behavior.

162. Which of the following is the best definition of genotype?

a) Structures in a cell's nucleus that house a person's genes

b) Observable physical and behavioral characteristics

c) A trait influenced by multiple genes interacting in complex ways

d) The basic unit of heredity that contains a person's genetic material

e) An organism's genetic code

163. In every cell of the human body except for the germ cells, humans have how many chromosomes?

a) 46

b) 23

c) 2

d) 30,000 to 40,000

e) More than 3 billion

164. Regarding the human genome, which of the following statements is true?

a) Scientists are close to decoding the human genome.

b) Currently, scientists believe there may be around 300,000 genes in the human genome.

c) With the exception of identical twins, no two people share the same genetic code.

d) All cells in the human body contain the full complement of human genes.

e) By studying the human genome, scientists hope to be able to improve the personality traits of people.

165. Two psychologists debate the nature-nurture problem. What is the topic of their debate?

a) Whether children are better off staying with less than optimal biological parents or being adopted

b) The use of natural remedies in treating disease versus the use of synthetic pharmaceuticals

c) Whether children learn more in field trips and open classrooms than in traditional classroom settings

d) The role of hemispheric lateralization in the development of handedness

e) The influence of genetics versus environment in human behavior

166. An organism's observable traits are called its

a) phenotype.

b) genotype.

c) polygenic type.

d) concordance.

e) plasticity.

167. Which type of study provides the clearest way to address the nature-nurture question?

a) Twin study

b) Adoptee study

c) Split-brain study

d) Familial association study

e) Human genome study

168. Dr. Werner theorized that people inherit their sense of humor. Therefore, she did a twin study and found that 70 percent of identical twins received similar scores for humor, whereas only 30 percent of fraternal twins did. Those numbers represent

a) genotypes.

b) concordance rates.

c) plasticity rates.

d) lateralization rates.

e) releasing factors.

169. Twenty-three-year-old Thomas has schizophrenia. Kinship studies suggest that which of Thomas's relatives is most likely also to have schizophrenia?

a) One of his parents

b) One of his grandparents

c) His sibling

d) His dizygotic twin

e) His monozygotic twin

170. A polygenic trait is one that

a) must be possessed by both parents in order for it to be passed down.

b) is commonly seen in the same proportion in males and females.

c) is influenced by many genes interacting with the environment in complex ways.

d) is part of a pattern of characteristics that is inherited, as opposed to a single trait.

e) can be traced back many generations within a family.

171. Which of the following have researchers already accomplished through the use of brain scans?

a) Identified memory circuits in the human brain that hold life experiences

b) Differentiated between extroverts and neurotics by monitoring their reactions to positive and negative images

c) Installed a brain scan facility at a major corporate location to allow for a more scientifically precise selection of executives

d) Blocked the dopamine receptors of compulsive shoppers to dull the pleasure they receive from spending money

e) Set up fMRI equipment in federal government offices to use as reliable lie detectors for those applying for sensitive government positions

172. Scientists discovered that a region in the brain called the nucleus accumbens became active just before people decided to purchase an item they liked. That region happens to involve a high density of receptors for which neurotransmitter(s)?

a) Serotonin

b) Dopamine

c) Glutamate

d) GABA

e) Endorphins

1.

Regarding neurons, which of the following is NOT true?

A)

Each is a single nerve cell.

B)

They transmit electrical impulses.

C)

They contain genetic material.

D)

They are the only cells found in the nervous system.

E)

They come in three types – motor, sensory, and interneuron.

2.

The fundamental building block of the nervous system is the ________.

A)

nerve

B)

brain

C)

neuron

D)

spinal cord

E)

pituitary gland

3.

In a neuron, the cell's metabolic functions are performed by the

A)

soma.

B)

axon.

C)

terminal button.

D)

synapse.

E)

dendrite.

4.

Regarding a neuron's soma, all but which of the following are TRUE?

A)

The soma conducts outgoing messages to other neurons.

B)

The soma is the neuron's cell body.

C)

The soma conducts life-sustaining functions of the cell.

D)

The soma contains the cell's genetic material.

E)

The soma houses the cell's nucleus.

5.

Chemical messengers that transport nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another are called

A)

hormones.

B)

glials.

C)

synapses.

D)

neurotransmitters.

E)

interneurons.

6.

Which part of a neuron could best be described as a “docking station”?

A)

Myelin sheath

B)

Axon

C)

Soma

D)

Synapse

E)

Dendrite

7.

Which of the following best describes a synapse?

A)

A tiny gap separating one neuron from another through which messages are carried

B)

The tubelike part of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons

C)

Rootlike structures that receive neural impulses from other neurons

D)

Body organs or structures that produce secretions

E)

A bundle of axons from different neurons that transmit nerve impulses

8.

What is the job of a dendrite?

A)

To send signals to other neurons

B)

To receive signals from other neurons

C)

To synthesize neurotransmitters

D)

To control metabolic functions

E)

To generate action potentials

9.

Which part of a neuron may range in size from a few thousan