APA format, list references and include in-text citations please.

Criminology Today 1. Explain the evolution and growing purpose of criminology in the past century. Modern Criminology started in Europe which begun as a science in the 19th century. The introduction was part of the main exertion across European nations to assess the moral nation of the quick transforming societies of the 19th century. Moral statistics that were first developed in Belgium, France and later in Germany, appealed an array of social together with moral woes and engaged the newly discovered instruments of counting and measurements that the governments progressively used to evaluate harvests and poverty among other environmental aspects and finally crime justice. The criminology evolved even in the 20th century where it was referred as independent criminology. At this stage, criminology started asserting its independence from the cultural disciplines that produced it. In the U.S, Western Europe, and Canada, criminologists improved their professional relationships and published an improved number of journals. Several Universities developed graduation programs in criminology. The theories have developed to more multidisciplinary as independent criminologists look forward to understanding crime it rather than study crime as one phase of the overall sociological or psychological theory (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). 2. Discuss “deviant behavior” from both a social and criminal justice perspective. Deviance is any conduct violating social norms that is usually sufficient severity to authorization disapproval from the overall society. The conduct can be criminal or non-criminal. The discipline in sociological which deal with crime is criminology. Nowadays, Americans reflect such actions as alcoholism, being nude in public places, excessive gambling fire games lying, stealing refusing to take bath, prostitution and many more as deviant. People who are involved in deviant behavior are known as deviants. The perception of deviance is complicated since norms differ considerably among groups, times and place. For instance, what one group may consider conventional, the other group may take it as deviant. People learn their norms from different socializing agents for example, from teachers, parents, family, friends the media and so on. To shorten the story, individuals learn criminal behavior, just like other behaviors from their relations with others specifically in peer groups (Schmalleger, 2011). 3. How does a culture decide what should be labeled as “criminal”? An individual can take numerous and various stances when questioned on the causes of criminal activity. A study that has been achieving popular views in crime as a product of a culture where one belongs instead of blaming it on personal differences. Cultural factors may be also important triggering criminal behavior. While bearing in mind the relationship between cultural perspectives as well as crime, a significant figure of variables, phenomena, together with influences, should be well-thought-out. There are many cultural aspects as well as stressors which are associated with features as such that critically exacerbate the likelihood of committing a crime. Criminologist is to b...

Buy now to view the complete solution