PSYC 110 Final Exam (Latest) MCQ: DeVry University, Chicago

PSYC 110 Final Exam (Latest) MCQ: DeVry University, Chicago

1. (TCOs 1, 2) According to Freud, unconscious urges (Points : 5)

       are able to be suppressed.
       only pertain to sex.
       attempt to surface and affect our behaviors.
       have no impact on everyday life.
 

Question 2.2. (TCOs 1, 2) Julie finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the next day. As her sleep approaches eight hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep drops to five hours, her quiz scores show a similar decline. Julie realizes that _____. (Points : 5)

       there is a negative correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades
       there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades
       her low quiz scores are caused by sleep deprivation the night before a quiz
       she should sleep about 10 hours a night to ensure 100 percent quiz grades
 

Question 3.3. (TCOs 2, 3) Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer? (Points : 5)

       Dendrites, axon, soma, synaptic knob
       Terminal buttons, axon, soma, dendrites
       Axon, soma, dendrites, synaptic knob
       Dendrites, soma, axon, synaptic knob
 

Question 4.4. (TCOs 2, 3) Alice is typing her term paper in the computer lab. Although a class is going on just a few feet away, she does not seem to notice. Which part of the brain allows Alice to focus on her typing and ignore the distractions that surround her? (Points : 5)

       Reticular formation
       Pons
       Medulla
       Cerebellum
 

Question 5.5. (TCO 4) Which of the following is the primary structure that allows one to maintain his or her balance? (Points : 5)

       Cochlea
       Middle ear
       Semicircular canals
       Circular canals
 

Question 6.6. (TCO 4) The best explanation of the moon illusion is _____. (Points : 5)

       the apparent distance hypothesis
       the angle world hypothesis
       the cultural bias hypothesis
       the top-down processing hypothesis
 

Question 7.7. (TCO 5) Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation? (Points : 5)

       REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness.
       REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly.
       REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
       REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.
 

Question 8.8. (TCO 5) The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming states that _____. (Points : 5)

       the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts
       dreams are merely another kind of thinking; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals
       the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems
       dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections        
 

Question 9.9. (TCOs 7, 8) In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true? (Points : 5)

       The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus.
       The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
       The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.
       The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus.
 

Question 10.10. (TCOs 7, 8) A young child watches her mother make pancakes. She wants to please her mother so she pays attention. However, when she goes to make them on her own, she can’t break the eggs for the batter without making a terrible mess and dropping them on the floor, no matter how hard she tries. Her attempt failed because of a problem with which part of the necessary components for observational learning? (Points : 5)

       Attention
       Memory
       Imitation
       Desire
 

Question 11.11. (TCOs 7, 8) “The effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of cues present when the memory was encoded to the cues present when the memory is retrieved.” What concept does this statement describe? (Points : 5)

       Memorability
       Registered learning
       Encoding specificity
       Accessible decoding
 

Question 12.12. (TCOs 7, 8) Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the _____. (Points : 5)

       cerebellum
       prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex
       hippocampus
       amygdala
 

Question 13.13. (TCO 8) Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity? (Points : 5)

       Heuristic
       Divergent
       Insightful
       Convergent
 

Question 14.14. (TCO 8) Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and language? (Points : 5)

       Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it isn’t the sole basis of thought.
       Language is the sole basis of thought.
       When we think, we always make use of language.
       Language usually is not required in thought processes.
 

Question 15.15. (TCO 10) Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily’s uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal and that their baby’s fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only an inch long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the _____. (Points : 5)

       embryonic period
       germinal period
       zygotic period
       fetal stage

Page 2

Question 1.1. (TCO 10) Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget’s model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest she is in? (Points : 5)

       Concrete operations
       Sensorimotor
       Preoperational
       Formal operations
 

Question 2.2. (TCO 9) Michael has trained very long hours in order to qualify for the Olympics in diving. He has sacrificed a great deal—he put his education on hold and spent a lot of time away from his two small children and wife. To Michael, qualifying for the Olympics is a(n) ____. (Points : 5)

       instinctual drive
       incentive
       innate goal
       optimum goal
 

Question 3.3. (TCO 9)  You just finished a cup of very strong coffee, which causes your body to have a general feeling of arousal. That afternoon, you walk past a cemetery where several people are crying at a graveside. According to Schachter and Singer, which of the following would most likely occur? (Points : 5)

       Your emotion would be happy in spite of the scene at the graveside.
       You would work very hard to control your emotion.
       Your emotion would be sad, since the context would affect your labeling.
       Your emotional state would be impossible to predict.
 

Question 4.4. (TCO 11) The primary sex characteristics develop as _____. (Points : 5)

       the fetus is growing in the womb, when the chromosomes of the 23^rd pair cause the release of the proper hormones to stimulate the growth of the sex organs
       proper hormones in the mother’s milk stimulate the growth of the sex organs
       the baby is raised as a male or female; the behavioral cues stimulate the baby to release the appropriate male or female hormones and develop as such
       None of the above
 

Question 5.5. (TCO 11) According to research, the majority of gay or bisexual college men report they first became aware of their sexual orientation in _____. (Points : 5)

       junior high or high school
       middle school
       elementary school
       before entering school
 

Question 6.6. (TCO 6) For the past six months, Dahlia’s job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn’t feel that she can quit, because she needs the money for tuition. Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. (Points : 5)

       alarm
       collapse
       exhaustion
       resistance
 

Question 7.7. (TCO 6) Pepe moved from Argentina to France. He chose not to learn to speak and write French, continues to maintain his old culture’s styles of dress and customs, and lives in a neighborhood where only people from Argentina live. Pepe has used which method of entering the majority culture? (Points : 5)

       Integration
       Assimilation
       Separation
       Marginalization
 

Question 8.8. (TCO 13) Which statement is the best explanation of the fundamental attribution error? (Points : 5)

       We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations.
       We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions.
       We are more likely to attribute another’s behavior to internal rather than to situational causes.
       We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and our failures to the shortcomings of others.
 

Question 9.9. (TCO 13) “Out of sight, out of mind” is a cliché that is consistent with the _____ rule of interpersonal attraction. (Points : 5)

       physical attractiveness
       similarity
       proximity
       reciprocal liking
 

Question 10.10. (TCO 11) Jeff has to get up early to go to school, but he wants to stay up late and watch television. His parents disapprove of him staying up late, but when they go out for the evening, he disregards their wishes and stays up late anyway. The next day, he feels extremely guilty. How would Carl Rogers explain Jeff’s guilt? (Points : 5)

       It results from Jeff’s inferiority complex, which has been enlarged by Jeff’s adoption of his parents’ value judgments.
       It results from the conflict between Jeff’s need to seek pleasure and his desire to do well in school.
       It results from a psychological conflict between Jeff’s personal desire to stay up late and the opinion adopted from his parents that it is wrong to stay up late.
       It results from an overactive superego, which is punishing Jeff’s id for gratifying his desires.
 

Question 11.11. (TCO 11) Karesh is from India and really cares about others’ welfare. His wife is Chinese and he is known for the fact that he does not adhere to strict rules and regulations. He is tolerant of others and plans to become a social worker. According to Hofstede, what type of cultural personality would Karesh be? (Points : 5)

       Highly individualistic
       Low in uncertainty avoidance
       Highly masculine
       Feminine
 

Question 12.12. (TCO 11) When a patient arrives in the emergency room, he is restless and irritable with unlimited energy and a rapid rate of speech. The attending psychiatrist believes the patient has taken cocaine or amphetamines and admits him for observation. The next day, the symptoms are the same. What condition with symptoms that are similar to those associated with amphetamine use might the psychiatrist now consider as a condition that is relevant to the diagnosis? (Points : 5)

       Mania
       Dissociative fugue
       Conversion disorder
       Catatonic schizophrenia
 

Question 13.13. (TCO 11) Which of the following is the biological explanation for mood disorders? (Points : 5)

       They are a result of learned helplessness.
       They are a result of anger turned inward on oneself.
       They are a result of distortions in thinking.
       They are a result of an imbalance of brain chemicals.
 

Question 14.14. (TCO 12) Expressing empathy, developing the discrepancies between a client’s present behaviors and values, rolling with resistance, and supporting a client’s self-efficacy are the four pillars of _____. (Points : 5)

       motivational interviewing
       rational emotive therapy
       person-centered therapy
       contingency contracting
 

Question 15.15. (TCO 12) A technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is suddenly exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object in an intense way and is prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response is called _____. (Points : 5)

       systematic desensitization
       flooding
       paradoxical intent
       aversive therapy

Page 3

Question 1.1. (TCO 1) Summarize Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development. Provide an example for each stage that describes successful resolution of each stage. (Points : 20)

Stage 1: Infant (Birth to 1 year old) - During the first stage, babies learn a basic sense of trust that is completely dependent on how their needs are met and satisfied. If an infant's need for food, affection, and comfort are met successfully by the parents, then they will start to develop a sense of trust in the people around them.

Stage 2: Toddler (1 to 3 years old) - During the second stage, toddlers begin understanding that they can control what their bodies do. Any toddler that is successful in controlling their own body eventually develops independence.

Stage 3: Preschool (3 to 5 years old) - In the third stage, children begin to learn how to take responsibility for their own behaviors and actions. If children are successful in learning how to control themselves in their stage, they will be able to create a good amount of self control and they will end up feeling very capable and develop a sense of initiative.

Stage 4: Elementary School Age (5 to 12 years old) -  During the fourth stage, children begin learning new skills in their academic and social worlds. They will end up comparing each other to their peers in order to measure their success or failure. Whenever a child manages to learn a new skill or fact, they begin developing a sense of industry, which ends up making them feel competent and gives them a want to improve their self-esteem and knowledge further.

Stage 5: Adolescence (13 to early 20s) - In the adolescence stage, teenagers begin figuring out who they are, what they believe in, and what they want to do with their lives. Teens who are successful in all figuring all those things out will eventually gain their own sense of identity.

Stage 6: Early Adulthood (20s and 30s) - In this first adult stage, most individuals begin finding a significant other that they can share their identity and dreams with in an ongoing, close, and personal relationship. Adults who are successful in finding a suitable partner will be able to have a fulfilling relationship founded on psychological imtimacy.

Stage 7: Middle Adulthood (40s and 50s) - in the second adult stage, the goal is to find a creative new way for an individual to productive and is able to nurture the next generation. Adults that are successful during this stage will be able to leave a positive influence for the next generation.

Stage 8: Late Adulthood (60s and beyond) - In the final stage of life, adults are tasked with coming to terms with the end of their lives and reaching a sense of wholeness and acceptance for how their life has played out thus far. Adults who can successfully come to terms with their lives will be able to see death as simply the last stage of their lives. Unsuccessful adults will begin feeling regrets and will have a sense of having left things till they were too late and will also see death as coming to soon to them.

References: Our text, Pg 333.

Question 2.2. (TCO 6) Compare and contrast problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Is one necessarily better than the other? Can you give an example where either might be useful, stating the specific way in which each coping skill might be employed? (Points : 15)

Problem-focused coping attempts to change the problem that is causing painful emotions, while emotion-focused coping aims to change the actual emotional reaction to a problem. Individuals tend to use problem focused coping when they feel that they can change their circumstances and are in control of the problem. When people are unable to change their situation, they are more likely to turn to emotion focused coping instead.

For example, an individual is planning to host a Christmas dinner for their family of roughly ~20 people, but finds that the thought of having to prepare such a feast is extremely stressful. Problem-focused coping can easily resolve this stress. By evaluating his or her options, seeking information, and taking control of the situation, the individual would be able to come up with a simple solution: hiring a catering staff. The effectiveness of problem-focused coping depends on whether the stressor can be managed by changing it (Laureate Education, Inc., 2012).

When problem-focused coping is ineffective, people tend to turn to emotion-focused coping instead. This does not mean that one is better then the other however.

For example, when an individual's significant other is diagnosed with a terrible illness such as cancer, the healthy partner knows that they cannot change the diagnosis. In this particular case, the best way of dealing with this stress is for the healthy partner to change their perspective of the stressor. It is more effective to effect change in the partner's emotional reaction to the diagnosis than it is to focus on changing or denying the diagnosis, although denial, too, is an emotion-focused means of coping (Laureate Education, Inc., 2012).

References:

http://www.simplypsychology.org/emotion-focused-coping.html

http://www.simplypsychology.org/problem-focused-coping.html

Question 3.3. (TCO 13) How do advertisers use the principles of persuasion as discussed in Chapter 12? Pick a television commercial and use it as an example of the components of persuasion. (Points : 15)

Persuasion is not a simple matter. There are a lot of factors that advertisers need to understand in order to predict how to successful persuade an individual into thinking a certain way.

The most critical things that advertisers need to consider is their message, target audience, and medium.

The actual message that advertisers want to send needs to be clear and well organized. It is more effective to present two sides of an argument to an individual or audience that has not yet chosen a side to be apart of (Crowley & Hoyer, 1994; O’Keefe, 2009; Petty & Cacioppo, 1996; Petty et al., 2003). Messages that are focused on producing fear in individuals is only effective if there is a moderate amount of fear, and a guide on how to avoid the fear-inducing scenarios.

Advertisers who understand who their target audience is have an easier time persuading them into the opinion they want. The age, race, and sex can all be factors in deciding what target audience advertisers want to focus on. For example, Researchers have found that people who are in the young adult stage of the late teens to the mid-20s are more susceptible to persuasion than are older people (O’Keefe, 2009; Visser & Krosnick, 1998).

The medium is how an individual receives a persuasive message. For example, if somebody sees a political speech on television and enjoys it, they might have a different opinion if they had read it in a newspaper or online instead. The impact of television coverage is very important because it provides a way for the source of the message to be seen as desirable or attractive.

The video that I choose to use an example is Honda's "The Cog" advertisement video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ve4M4UsJQo

This video is a advertisement made by Honda to showcase the Honda Accord. It is a two minute video that shows a lot of the individual parts of a Honda Accord interacting with each other similar to a Rube Goldberg machine. This video was very interesting and entertaining, and makes the individuals who watch the video want to purchase a Honda Accord.

Source: Our Text Pg 468

Question 4.4. (TCO 11) List and describe two anxiety disorders. List the most relevant symptoms of the disorders that you chose. Describe the viewpoints of two different psychological models on the cause of anxiety disorders. (Points : 20)

1. Panic Disorder

People who suffer from this condition have feelings of terror that seem to strike suddenly, randomly, and repeatedly, with no warning whatsoever. Symptoms of a panic attack include sweating, chest pain, unusual or strange heartbeat patterns, and a feeling of choking. All of these symptoms make individuals feel like they are having either a heart attack or they that are beginning to go crazy.

2. Social Anxiety Disorder

Individuals that suffer from this disorder (usually called social phobia), experience overwhelming worry and self-consciousness about everyday social situations that they might get into. This "worry" often centers on the fear on being judged by other people, or behaving in a way that might cause them to become embarrassed or ridiculed.

Reference: http://www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/types

Question 5.5. (TCO 12) Describe psychoanalysis. Include information about its theoretical background, how it seeks to help people, its key concepts, and an evaluation of its effectiveness.(Points : 20)

Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis is based on idea that people are more often than not, unaware of their emotions and behaviors. Freud though that if individuals can successfully become conscious of their unconscious thoughts and motivations, that they would gain insight. Unconscious thoughts and motivations can turn out to be very demoralizing and can create unhappiness, sometimes in the form of recognizable symptoms, while other times as very troubling and potentially disturbing personality traits. Because these ideas and motivations are unconscious, the guidance of friends and family, or the reading of self help books, will often fail to provide relief. for an individual.

Psychoanalysis seeks to help individuals by providing them a way to become aware of their underlying thoughts and desires. During a normal session, a patient would come several times a week (4-5) and would typically lie on a couch and list everything that comes to their mind, while the therapist sits in a chair and takes note. As the patient begins to speak the first things that come to their mind, bits and pieces of their unconscious begin to surface and then the therapist and patient can talk over whatever is being said.

In the end, the therapist helps the patient elucidate these ideas and helps them refine, correct, reject, and add further thoughts and feelings on the subject(s).

Several studies have shown that people who have had psychoanalytic therapy maintain the changes that they have achieved throughout their time in therapy.

References:

http://www.arizonapsychoanalytic.org/index_files/Memebership.htm

http://www.simplypsychology.org/psychoanalysis.html