PHI 208 Week 5 Final Exam (Latest) 2020 MCQ : Ashford University

PHI 208 Week 5 Final Exam(Latest) 2020 MCQ : Ashford University

Question 1

1 / 1 pts

According to “The Ring of Gyges,” the ring gave the shepherd who found it

psychic abilities.

superhuman strength.

invisibility.

justice.

Question 2

1 / 1 pts

“Meta” can be translated as all of the following concepts EXCEPT 

“behind”

“over”

“above”

“against”

Question 3

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According to the textbook, how do each of us live out answers to Socrates’s essential question?

by making conscious, deliberate choices that reflect a view of what matters

by realizing that it is not up to us to say what is right or wrong

by never questioning others’ assumptions about how one should live

by simply following our inner feelings and desires

Question 4

1 / 1 pts

A dialectical process aims at reflective equilibrium, which is best understood as a state of ____________.

absolute knowledge

moral perfection

equality among all views

balance between abstract and concrete judgments

Question 5

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Charlotte, a struggling single mother, sees a very wealthy man drop his wallet.  Instead of informing him she keeps it and uses the money inside to buy some clothes and school supplies for her kids, but she feels guilty about doing that. How might an egoist of the sort Glaukon represents in his challenge explain her guilty feelings?

Charlotte’s guilt is the appropriate response to the objective wrong of stealing.

Charlotte is conditioned by society to feel bad about certain behaviors.

Charlotte, like most people, naturally cares about justice more than anything else.

Charlotte has failed to respect the fact that she deserves her poverty while the other man deserves his wealth.

Question 6

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According to the author, which statement would support cultural relativism but conflict with the best explanation of notion of “respect”?

To respect another person or culture is to acknowledge that their beliefs and practices are worthy of respect.

To respect another person or culture is to be willing to judge some of their beliefs and practices better or worse than those of other persons or cultures.

To respect another person or culture is to acknowledge when our own lack of experience and understanding may lead us to withhold judgment.

To respect another person or culture is to affirm that there is nothing inferior or superior about another culture, and therefore nothing to admire or criticize.

Question 7

1 / 1 pts

Samara is considering how she should handle the fact that her employer overpaid her on her last check. Should she say something? Will she have to give the money back? Will her employer find out, and if so, is it better if Samara raises the issue first? These issues with which Samara is grappling are best described as ___________ judgments.

concrete

abstract

persuasive

unpopular

Question 8

1 / 1 pts

Jewish law prescribes that their deceased be buried in a shroud (a tachrichim) in simple pine box with no metal parts. Muslims, however, do not bury their deceased in a casket, but rather in a shroud (a kafan) directly into an excavated grave oriented toward Mecca. The claim that each of these kinds of burial rites can be right would be an example of cultural __________.

coherence

egotism

objectivity

relativism

Question 9

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Which of the following questions best illustrates the concept of practical reasoning?

“What is true knowledge?”

“Who should have access to education?”

“Where should I apply to school?”

“What makes a good teacher?”

Question 10

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To which category do arguments regarding the morality of topics like abortion and eating animals belong?

normative ethics

applied ethics

metaethics

deontological ethics

Question 11

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Between what two types of judgments does a dialectical conversation move?

right (moral) and wrong (immoral)

popular and unpopular

abstract and concrete

persuasive and objective

Question 12

1 / 1 pts

Tim considers himself to be a moral skeptic. What, then, does Tim use to examine moral assumptions?

traditional doctrines

critical reasoning

groundless assertions

feelings and intuitions

Question 13

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Relativism is a way to acknowledge that much of what we value—and how we think we and others should act—has been significantly shaped by

our shared genetic dispositions.

our own culture and upbringing.

independent, abstract moral reasoning.

direct revelation from a divine power.

Question 14

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Utilitarianism and consequentialism more broadly are ethical theories that __________.

have almost no critics or challengers

have many variations

use outdated forms of reasoning

have few concrete applications

Question 15

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Which of the following statements is a common misconception about utilitarian philosophy?

The majority always rules.

The needs of the minorities always matter the most.

Everyone deserves equal consideration.

There may be good reasons for the majority to make sacrifices for the sake of the minority.

Question 16

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“Respect for persons” is the basis of a common objection to utilitarianism. The argument states that a utilitarian does not adequately respect the dignity and rights of the individual. Which of the following stories from this text BEST reflects that objection?

The self-centered shepherd who keeps a magic ring to make himself invisible.

The voluntary sacrifices of Martin Luther King, Jr. or Mahatma Ghandi.

The surgeon who considers killing a healthy Sally to harvest organs for five dying patients.

The soldier throwing himself on a grenade to save the lives of his comrades.

Question 17

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What is the BEST meaning of the term “the irreducible plurality of values”?

Some values, such as the value of human life or certain aesthetic goods, cannot be reduced to measurable utility.

Values are simply what the majority of people happen to prefer.

There is never a right moral choice when there are multiple actions to choose from.

Values cannot be reduced to measurable utility because there is no such thing as pleasure or pain.

Question 18

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Who is considered the father of utilitarianism?

John Stuart Mill

Mary Midgley

Glaukon

Jeremy Bentham

Question 19

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LeBron is writing a paper on how utilitarianism applies to animals.  Which statement would be an example of the objectivity (scientific rationality) of utilitarianism?

Only the pleasure and pain of humans matter because only humans have an immaterial soul.

Science shows that animals experience pleasure and pain, and so those experiences should be considered when reasoning about moral actions.

Humans have always treated animals as lesser beings, and so that means that we are right to continue doing so.

All animals have the same inherent dignity and the right not to be treated as a mere means to another’s ends.

Question 20

1 / 1 pts

What does the utilitarian mean by the term “wrong actions”?

actions that add to the unhappiness or pain of even one person

actions that are against society’s laws or regulations, even if those laws or regulations are immoral

actions that are performed with the intent of hurting oneself for pleasure (masochism)

actions that are performed when another action would result in a greater overall balance of happiness and unhappiness

Question 21

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Why does Mill call utilitarianism a “more profoundly religious [doctrine] than any other”?

Because God desires, above all things, the happiness of his creatures.

Because more religious leaders subscribe to utilitarianism than any other doctrine.

Because no other doctrine considers happiness.

Because all other doctrines are godless.

Question 22

1 / 1 pts

According to John Stuart Mill, utilitarianism takes into account the happiness of

everyone, and weights everyone’s happiness equally.

everyone, but gives greater weight to those who are more intelligent.

only the agent (actor).

the agent (actor) and those the agent cares about.

Question 23

1 / 1 pts

Allen is a critic of utilitarianism. Of the following sentences, which is LEAST likely to factor into his critique? 

“One cannot define happiness and suffering in a universal way.”

“One cannot measure happiness and suffering.”

“There are other things more important than happiness and suffering.”

“There is no such thing as happiness and suffering.”

Question 24

1 / 1 pts

What would not be a utilitarian argument on same-sex couples being allowed to marry?

They should not be allowed to marry because it offends more people than it pleases.

They should not be allowed to marry because children benefit more from having opposite-sex parents.

They should be allowed to marry because it makes them happy, helps reduce the burdens and prejudices same-sex couples face, and doesn’t hurt anyone else.

They should be allowed to marry because the freedom to marry the person you choose is a fundamental human right.

Question 25

1 / 1 pts

According to Mill, how can we determine the difference between higher and lower pleasures?

We can’t, since Mill says there is no discernable difference.

By their conformity to religious teachings.

By their relative duration and intensity.

By the preference of those who are acquainted with both.

Question 26

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Which of the following is the BEST example of an action that was morally wrong because the advantages to the majority were outweighed by the suffering of the minority?

the sexual harassment of women by movie producer Harvey Weinstein

the use of child labor in factories in the 1800s

the assassination of John F. Kennedy

the conning of people out of their life savings by Bernie Madoff

Question 27

1 / 1 pts

Agnes is a widow with disabilities in her late 60s. Due to these circumstances, she only has to pay half of her electricity and water bills. What would a deontologist say about this situation?

Agnes is violating a duty to pay the exact same rates as everyone else.

Agnes is acting wrongly by taking profit away from the companies that provide her electricity and water.

Agnes has the right to pay only what she thinks is in her best interest.

Agnes is acting morally since some duties, like the duty to pay one’s bills, apply differently in different circumstances.

Question 28

1 / 1 pts

An action’s maxim is best understood as the

expected overall utility of taking that action.

policy or principle you would be following if you took that action.

unconscious biological cause of that action.

theory of what the consequences of that action will be.

Question 29

1 / 1 pts

According to deontological ethics, duties are

conditional upon the moral codes of the culture.

rules of thumb open to frequent exceptions.

at the service of fulfilling other people’s desires.

independent of personal interests and desires.

Question 30

1 / 1 pts

What is the most accurate term for the rules and regulations expressed in the United Nations’ Declaration of Human Rights?

conventional laws

universal laws

beneficent laws

imposed laws

Question 31

1 / 1 pts

In Rwanda, a farmer is hiding a group of persecuted Tutsis from a Hutu military commander. The farmer believes that he has to always tell the truth, and that this is a categorical imperative. If the Hutu commander asks if he has any hidden Tutsis, and he tells the truth, who is to blame for the Tutsis’ capture according to Kantian theory?

the farmer, because saving lives is more important than respecting duty.

the Tutsis who are hiding because it was unethical of them to take advantage of the farmer

the Rwandans who started the war that led to these circumstances

the Hutu commander, because only he is responsible for his own decisions

Question 32

1 / 1 pts

In 2012, sports fans were saddened and outraged to learn that cycling superstar Lance Armstrong had used illegal performance-enhancing drugs for years. A deontologist would say that his actions were wrong because they

were in the interest of his country rather than in his own interest.

rebelled against the rules and regulations to prove a moral point.

implied that laws and rules applied differently to him than to other athletes.

implied that building up his body and improving his finishing times was important.

Question 33

1 / 1 pts

Xavier, a retail store owner, wants to always act from duty. Knowing this, which of the following sentiments is Xavier MOST likely to express?

Correct!

“I keep my promises to my clientele because that’s what everyone should always do.”

“I am honest with my customers because I want them to like me.”

“I am honest with my customers because the eventual result will be more sales.”

“I keep my agreements with my suppliers because then they will know I am a fair man.”

Question 34

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following scenarios indicates an autonomous decision?

Greta helped her colleague move his desk because her boss asked her to.

Greta helped her colleague move his desk because she was afraid of looking like a jerk otherwise.

Greta helped her colleague move his desk because she knew that if she were in his position she would appreciate the help.

Greta helped her colleague move his desk because she wanted an excuse to get out of a boring meeting.

Question 35

1 / 1 pts

According to Kant, what is the PRIMARY moral problem with making a false promise?

It treats the other person’s humanity as a mere means to an end.

It causes harm to society.

It causes harm to the other person.

It causes harm to the agent (actor).

Question 36

1 / 1 pts

Some people claim that all Americans have a fundamental right to health care. What would a deontological thinker add to that claim, if it were true?

Correct!

This right is independent of its potential benefit to society or what the laws happen to be.

This right is moral only because it improves society as a whole.

This right is moral if it is what the majority of people prefer.

Whether one has this right depends on whether the government establishes it as a law.

Question 37

1 / 1 pts

Ursula is a student of Kantian philosophy who argues that we should never use people as a means to an end unless

we can do so safely without their knowledge.

we are certain that doing so will lead to the greatest overall happiness.

we are simultaneously respecting their rational autonomy.

they are guilty of breaking civil or moral law.

Question 38

1 / 1 pts

What is one way Lilly can determine if her actions respect her friends as ends-in-themselves?

Lilly threatens her friends to get them to accept her actions.

Lilly ensures that her friends understand her reasons for acting and willingly accept them.

Lilly treats her friends well only when she thinks she can get something back in return.

Lilly does whatever it takes to benefit them, even if it involves lying to or manipulating them.

Question 39

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is probably the LEAST necessary character trait needed to be a good clinical nurse?

empathy

sensitivity

ambition

patience

Question 40

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To live a good life and be the sort of people we ought to be, we need to develop a virtuous character that

knows how to best satisfy one’s inner desires.

understands the purpose of moral standards and how to best fulfill that.

strictly follows a set of absolute, universal moral rules.

adheres to the dominant standards of one’s society.

Question 41

1 / 1 pts

Drew is a person who always tries to make practically wise choices.  What would NOT characterize these choices according to an Aristotelian?

The acts are chosen for their own sake.

They are done with knowledge.

They proceed from a firm character.

They strictly obey rules set down by the person’s culture or society.

Question 42

1 / 1 pts

Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest good is,

most people agree that it is wealth and comfort.

nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness.

everyone’s personal opinion is as valid as any other’s.

we realize there is no such thing as “good”.

Question 43

1 / 1 pts

What did Aristotle suggest about feelings such as spite, envy and shamelessness?

They are always bad in themselves.

They are bad under most circumstances.

They are good if the actor is virtuous.

They are good if they lead to beneficial results.

Question 44

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The __________ objection to Aristotle’s philosophy says that virtue ethics does not provide us with adequate direction for making or evaluating moral choices.

guidance

situationist

egocentric

practicalist

Question 45

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How does the Aristotelian notion of virtue relate to deontological and utilitarian moral theories?

Almost all consider virtue irrelevant and unrelated to ethics.

They are all basically saying the same thing about how we should live and act.

They realize that the concept of virtue is important and incorporate it into their broader ethical systems, though in a subordinate role.

They typically blame virtue-centered views for most of the moral problems in the world.

Question 46

1 / 1 pts

With which of the following statements would an Aristotelian most AGREE?

Happiness is a constant state of joy.

Happiness is an inner sense of personal satisfaction.

Happiness is the rejection of all desires or needs.

Happiness is a reflective life that continually seeks to orient itself toward the good.

Question 47

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Aristotle defines a virtue as a(n) __________ that requires __________.

choice; faith

habit; practice

idea; integrity

habit; instinct

Question 48

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The personal qualities that enable an individual to live a good life and flourish as a human being are known as __________.

moral virtues

advantages

ethical standards

instincts

Question 49

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The text compares speed swimmer Michael Phelps’s diet to that of a Catholic monk during Lent. What point is the author illustrating through this comparison?

The virtue of temperance depends largely on what people’s individual tastes happen to be.

The virtue of temperance is relative to the person and the situation.

The virtue of temperance is the same for everyone, and either Michael Phelps or the Catholic monk get things wrong.

Being temperate means rejecting the ethical importance of activities like eating.

Question 50

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In The Nicomachean Ethics, how does Aristotle begin his inquiry into ethics?

with an account of absolute right and wrong.

  with the history of moral philosophy up to that point.

by describing what we aim at in living our everyday lives.

 by describing what laws have been laid down by the gods.