Biol 3105 Midterm #1

Biol 3105 Midterm #1

What is the difference between the non-specific resistance and specific immunity?           

What are some of the non-specific resistance mechanisms used by different organ systems?

What are the characteristics of skin?           

What are the antimicrobial secretions of mucous membranes?      

What is the difference between bacteriocins and cationic peptides?           

What is the complement system?      

What is a cytokine?   

What are some of the effects of cytokines?  

What is chemotaxis? 

What is inflammation?          

What is the interferon response?      

What are acute phase proteins?       

What is phagocytosis? How does it happen?

What is autophagy?  

What is ubiquitin?     

What is the role of natural killer cells?        

What is opsonin-dependent phagocytosis?   

What is PAMPs?       

What are the four types of lymph organs?   

What is an epitopes? 

What is an antigen?   

What is the mechanism of clonal selection?  

What is the MAC?     

What the the names of the different complement proteins? 

What is the difference between the effector response and memory response?       

What is a antigenic determinant?     

What is the function of antigen presenting cells in the specific immune system?    

Why should cells not expressing MHC-I be targeted for destruction?        

What is the significance of the light and heavy chain?         

What are superantigens?      

What contributes to generating genetic diversity?  

What is the secondary antibody response?  

What does the secondary antibody response need? 

What are the types of acquired immunity?  

What is microbiota?  

What is used to determine the different microbiota in hosts today?

How has our knowledge of microbiota been expanded?      

Why is it best to use metagenomics? 

Where is the largest population of microbiota in the body and why?         

What are the metabolic benefits of intestinal microbiota?   

What are superorganisms/holobionts?         

What is the normal immune function of microbiota?           

What is the the hygiene hypothesis? 

What is the difference between probiotics and prebiotics?  

Why is the significance of C. difficile?          

What is the difference between an experimental or correlational study?   

What is the difference between in vivo and in vitro?           

What is a cytokine storm?    

How can an infectious disease not be communicable?         

How can a carrier spread disease without being ill?           

What are the two forms of direct contact transmission?     

What is a fomite?      

What is the difference between external and internal vector transmission?           

What are the two kinds of internal vector transmissions?   

What are the two types of ways to exit a host?        

What is the chain of infection for the plague?          

What are the important factors in determining risk from infectious disease?        

What is the relationship among factors determining chance and severity of disease once exposure has occured?           

What is the ID50?     

How do pathogens adhere?   

How do pathogens colonize? 

How does a pathogen invade its host?          

What is septicemia?   

What is the difference between extracellular and intracellular pathogens?           

What is the difference between a faculative or obligate intracellular pathogen?   

How does a pathogen resist host defenses?  

What is a biofilm?     

What is zoonosis?      

What is a holobiont? 

How would cellular mechanisms be impacted by an anti-inflammatory response?

How do APCs carry out bacterial recognition, digestion and presentation?          

What two different proteins carry out opsonization?          

What are the two types of leukocytes that use perforins?   

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?         

How does the innate respond to pathogens invading cells and pathogens invading tissue spaces?

Why do some vaccines require boosters?     

Why would proteins be suitable for use as antibodies?        

How does the immune system combat extracellular vs intracellular infections?    

How does the healthy immune system make so many different antibodies specific for many different antigens? 

What are six examples of how the innate and adaptive immune system work together?    - complement system

What are the various T-cells?           

Why would a defect in MHC-I protein would affect the immune response?           

What are the five ways antibodies help destroy pathogens?           

Why would it be beneficial that lymphocytes will require two types of signals for activation?

What is the difference between NK cells and cytotoxic T-cells?      

What is clonal selection?       

Is a pathogen always a pathogen under any circumstance?

What the factors determining tissue tropism of a pathogen?          

A higher ID50 would mean a higher or lower virulence?

What are some ways that a pathogen is able to evade the host immune system?   

What would be characteristics of a good reservoir?