SOC 100 MIDTERM EXAM PART 1 (PERFECT ANSWER)

Question 1 
Patterned social arrangements that have an enabling or constraining effect on agency are referred to as:
Structure
Institutions
Free will
Socialization
Question 2 
_____ is considered the first female sociologist and argued that injustices such as slavery and women’s inequality stunted a society’s moral development.
Auguste Comte
Émile Durkheim
Karl Marx
Harriet Martineau
Question 3 
Formal organizations characterized by written rules, hierarchical authority, and a paid staff, intended to promote organizational efficiency, are referred to as:
Institutions
Universities
Bureaucracies
Government
Question 4 
The relationship between agency and structure is _____, as ______.
one-sided, agency influences structure
one-sided, structure enables or constrains agency
reciprocal, they both have an effect on one another
nonexistent, there is no relationship between the two
Question 5 
Accepted social behaviors and beliefs are referred to as:
Norms
Culture
Social status
Values
Question 6 
The bonds that unite the members of a social group is referred to as:
Culture
Social solidarity
Norms
Societal unity
Question 7 
_____ believed that nearly all known societies are characterized by some system of division by economic class, which results in conflict as classes compete for wealth, power, and resources.
Auguste Comte
Émile Durkheim
Karl Marx
Harriet Martineau
Question 8 
The ability to evaluate claims about truth by using reason and evidence is referred to as:
Critical thinking
Sociological imagination
Scientific reasoning
Logical thought
Question 9 
The ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to make social change is referred to as:
Structure
Agency
Free choice
Individualism
Question 10 
A researcher finds that as income increases, square footage of respondent’s home also increases. This is an example of:
Positive correlation
Positive causation
Negative correlation
Increasatory relationship
Question 11 
A variable is defined as:
The description of a relationship
A phenomena that is constantly changing
A term used to summarize a set of phenomena
A concept that can take on two or more possible values
Question 12 
A _____ relationship is one in which one variable is the cause of another variable.
Correlated
Causal
Positive
Statistical
Question 13 
The degree to which two or more variables are associated with one another is referred to as:
Causation
Statistical relationship
Correlation
Frequency
Question 14 
_____ reasoning starts from specific data and tries to identify larger patterns from which to derive more general theories.
Logical
Inductive
Ground-level
Deductive
Question 15 
A researcher finds that as years spent driving increases, the number of accidents decreases. This is an example of:
Negative causation
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
Decreasing relationship
Question 16 
The term used to summarize a set of phenomena is:
Definition
Concept
Operationalization
Pattern
Question 17 
The repetition of a previous study using a different sample or population to verify or refute the original findings is referred to as:
Verification
Replication
Validation
Reliability
Question 18 
A culture that exists together with a dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects is referred to as:
Ethnicity
Subculture
Counterculture
Subgroup
Question 19 
The ability of a local culture to absorb outside influences that fit in and enrich their culture while resisting those that are alien is known as:
Staying power
Grobalization
Glocalization
Globalization
Question 20 
The beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group are referred to as:
Ethnicity
Culture
Society
Class
Question 21 
Powerful mores, the violation of which is considered serious and even unthinkable, are referred to as:
Criminal laws
Commandments
Taboos
Fundamental values
Question 22 
Cultural representations of social realities are referred to as:
Images
Symbols
Trademarks
Ethnographies
Question 23 
The worldview whereby we judge other cultures by the standards of our own is referred to as:
Patriotism
Nationalism
Ethnocentrism
Multiculturalism
Question 24 
Particular ideas that people accept as true are referred to as:
Religion
Cultural norms
Values
Beliefs
Question 25 
Abstract and general standards in society that define ideal principles such as right and wrong are referred to as:
Laws
Public opinions
Religious beliefs
Values