C805 Pathophysiology Study Guide latest updated

MRSA - ANSWER A bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics. Can cause a variety of problems ranging from skin infections and sepsis (a life-threatening reaction to severe infection of the body) to pneumonia (lung infection) to bloodstream infections.

MRSA - ANSWER Signs and symptoms: Appear as a bump or infected area on the skin that might be: Red, Swollen, Painful, Warm to the touch, Full of pus or other drainage, Accompanied by a fever.

MRSA - ANSWER This multidrug-resistant organism can be difficult to treat and can progress into blood, bone, lung, or skin infections that may be life-threatening.

Which type of infectious disease is described?

Malaria - ANSWER A serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans. People who get this disease are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness.

Malaria - ANSWER A patient presents with anemia, jaundice, fever, and malaise due to the destruction of red blood cells.

Which infectious disease does this describe?

Staph infection - ANSWER Bacteria commonly carried on the skin or in the nose of healthy people. Frequently cause skin infections, such as boils.

Active immunity - ANSWER Results from the development within the body of antibodies or sensitized T lymphocytes that neutralize or destroy the infective agent.

This may result from the immune response to an invading organism or from inoculation with a vaccine containing a foreign antigen.

Passive immunity - ANSWER Acquired by the introduction of preformed antibodies into an unprotected individual. This can occur through intravenous infusion of immune globulin or from antibodies that pass from the mother to the fetus through the placenta in utero. Newborns also may acquire it through breastfeeding.

Malignant tumor - ANSWER Cancer that spreads to other cells, tissues, and parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Benign tumor - ANSWER Classified as remaining circumscribed, although it may vary in size from small to large.

Metastasis or metastasize - ANSWER Movement of bacteria or body cells, especially cancer cells, from one part of the body to the other, typically by way of the circulatory system.

Near drowning - ANSWER A person that generally aspirates fluid or may have an obstructed airway caused by a spasm of the larynx when gasping underwater, resulting in hypoxemia (insufficient oxygenation of the arterial blood).

Asphyxiation - ANSWER The lack of oxygen coupled with accumulating carbon dioxide in the blood, may result from carbon monoxide poisoning, near drowning, hypoventilation, airway obstruction, or inhalation of toxic fumes.

Stress urinary incontinence - ANSWER A patient presents with pelvic pain, constipation, and menorrhagia. The patient is diagnosed with uterine leiomyomas.

Which additional symptom is indicative of this patient's condition?

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - ANSWER A patient's medical record indicates an infection of the uterus and ovaries, lower abdominal pain, odorous discharge, and cervical dysplasia.

Which diagnosis does this describe?

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - ANSWER A female patient's chart indicates the following signs and symptoms: fever, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, metrorrhea, and sudden pelvic pain. A pap smear shows cervical dysplasia.

Which diagnosis is indicated by this patient's chart?

Glomerulonephritis (GN) - ANSWER A patient's record indicates a presentation of the following symptoms:

 hematuria

 proteinuria

 oliguria

Which condition may this patient be diagnosed with?

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) - ANSWER An intravenous pyelogram shows two tumors in the left kidney. A kidney biopsy is performed and sent for pathological findings. An arterial embolization is suggested to stop blood and oxygen flow to the tumor to prevent growth. Pathological findings show evidence of malignancy in both tumors. Chemotherapy is suggested.

Which diagnosis is indicated by this description?

Bladder cancer - ANSWER A cystoscopy reveals lumps from the epithelium cell membrane of the bladder. Microscopic urinalysis confirms malignancy and blood in urine. The patient is also being treated for a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Which condition is described?

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) - ANSWER A patient presents with decreased alertness, mental confusion, skin that is pale and scaly, weight loss, easy bruising or bleeding, and decreased urine output.

Which condition is this patient showing signs of?

3 to 5 hours - ANSWER A patient diagnosed with end-stage renal disease comes in for treatment with hemodialysis.

How long will this patient be in treatment?

Itchy skin and Hiccups - ANSWER A patient comes into the clinic for a follow-up appointment. The patient has been continuing to lose weight and has been extremely fatigued.

What are two additional characteristics of end-stage renal disease this patient should be aware of?

Glomerulonephritis (GN) - ANSWER A patient has a urinary system infection characterized by a blockage of the kidney's nephrons, causing a reduction in the rate of blood filtration.

Which condition does this describe?

Prostatic cancer - ANSWER Which type of cancer may be treated with what is commonly referred to as "chemical castration"?

Cryoablation - ANSWER An operative report indicates the current treatment for a patient with prostate cancer involves freezing the cancer cells to destroy them.

Which type of treatment is this patient receiving?

Genital human papillomavirus infection - ANSWER This disease can be spread from a female patient to her baby during a vaginal delivery. The lesions that are typical of this disease appear near a female patient's vaginal opening. In male patients, the lesions appear on the tip of the penis or in the perianal area. The lesions are often treated with carbon dioxide laser treatments, electrocautery, or debridement.

Which disease is being described?

Gestational diabetes millitus - ANSWER A pregnant female patient presented with complaints of incontinence, polydipsia, and polyphagia. The patient had a two-week-old, non-healing wound that became infected. An A1C test showed 8.5% of blood glucose attached to hemoglobin. The wound was cleaned and dressing was applied.

Which condition is indicated by the description?

Closed fracture - ANSWER Norma, age 67, comes to the urgent care center with her daughter complaining of severe wrist pain. She tripped and fell down the step to her driveway and put out her hand to break the fall. The wrist is x-rayed and a break is found. What type fracture is identified on the medical record?

Open or compound fracture - ANSWER A break in the bone in which there is an open wound leading down to the site of the fracture or in which a piece of broken bone protrudes through the skin.

Simple fracture - ANSWER A break in the rib that is broken into two parts; likely occurs from a blow or direct shock to the thorax.

Comminuted fracture - ANSWER A break in which the bone is broken or splintered into pieces, often with fragments embedded in surrounding tissue.

Impacted fracture - ANSWER A break in which the bone is broken with one end forced into the interior of the other.

Incomplete partial fracture - ANSWER A break in which the fraction line does not include the whole bone (stress fracture).

Greenstick fracture - ANSWER A break in which the bone is partially bent and split, as a green stick or twig does when bent; this type of fracture occurs most frequently in children, especially those who have rickets, or among adults with soft bones.

Colles fracture - ANSWER A break in the end of the radius causing the wrist to extend and shorten; often occurs when the wrist is extended to break a fall.

Dislocation or luxation - ANSWER A ____________ occurs when a bone is separated from a joint.

Subluxation - ANSWER A __________ is a partial dislocation.

Shoulder and vertebral column - ANSWER Any joint can become dislocated, but the ___________ are more likely to be luxated.

Sprain - ANSWER A _________ is the tearing or stretching of a ligament surrounding a joint that usually follows a sharp twist.

Sprain - ANSWER The radiologist was able to diagnose a common ailment from the x-ray that showed a tearing of a ligament surrounding the ankle joint of his client. What is the diagnosis?

Sprain - ANSWER A patient's chart indicates that the patient recently spent three days riding a motorcycle. The patient now reports right wrist and arm pain with limited mobility. During the exam, the patient is not able to fully rotate the wrist, and no inflammation is present. Additionally, the chart contains the following information:

Physical exam: Pain is 0 with no motion and 6 to 10 with minimal motion

Treatment plan: Short arm splint, apply ice as needed

Which condition is being described and treated?

Strain - ANSWER A __________ is a tearing or overstretching of a tendon or a muscle.

Rickets - ANSWER _________ is deficient mineralization at the growth plate of long bones, resulting in growth retardation. If the underlying condition is not treated, bone deformity occurs, typically causing bowed legs and thickening of the ends of long bones.

Osteomalacia - ANSWER An abnormality of new bone formation causing bones to become increasingly soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed.

Gout - ANSWER What is the name of the chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that causes joint pain?

Gout - ANSWER ______ is characterized by hyperuricemia (increased urea in the blood), renal dysfunction, and kidney stones.

Herniated disk - ANSWER Rupture of the soft tissue that separates two vertebral bones into the spinal canal or adjacent spinal nerve roots.

Herniated disk - ANSWER The most common sites for a ____________ are between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae or between the fifth lumbar and the first sacral vertebrae.

Herniated disk - ANSWER A _____________ can cause back pain and, occasionally, loss of neurological function in the distribution of affected nerves.

Plantar fasciitis - ANSWER Mitch has been a surgical nurse in a major hospital center for 12 years. He has some arthritis in his feet, but now he is experiencing foot pain as soon as he gets out of bed and can stand for only about 3 hours in the operating room without a great deal of discomfort. He speaks to an orthopedic surgeon he often works with who suggests he might be checked for what disorder?

Plantar fasciitis - ANSWER _____________ is a common condition that results from irritation of the ligament on the bottom of the foot that connects the heel to the toes.

Paget's disease - ANSWER A patient presented with swelling of the femur. MRI results indicated enlargement and thickening of the bone. The urinalysis showed hydroxyproline. The patient was prescribed NSAIDs and physical therapy, and surgery was recommended.

Which disease does this describe?

Lordosis - ANSWER ______ is an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar or lower spine.

Lordosis - ANSWER Of the spinal deformities described below, identify the one that