Pharmacology Proctored ATI Study Guide.

Pharmacology Proctored ATI Study GuideChapter 1: Pharmacokinetics and Routes of AdministrationAbsorptionRoute of admin affects the rate and amount of absorptionoOral:GI pH and emptying timePresence of food in the stomach or intestinesForm of meds (liquid/XR)oSublingual/buccalQuick absorption systemically through highly vascular mucous membranesoInhalation via mouth/noseRapid absorption through alveolar capillary networksoIntradermal, topicalSlow, gradual absorptionoSQ/IMHighly soluble meds have rapid absorption (10-30min), poorly soluble have slower absorptionBlood perfusion at site of injection affect absorptionoIVImmediate and completeDistributionoTransportation of meds to sites of action by body fluidsoPlasma binding protein: meds compete for protein binding sites within bloodstream, primarily albumin. The ability of med to bind to protein can affect how much med will leave and travel to target tissues.MetabolismoPrimarily occurs in the liver but can take place in the kidneyoFactors that influence metabolism:Age (infants/older adults require smaller doses)First pass effect: liver inactivates some meds on first pass through and thus require sublingual or IV route (may need higher dose)Excretion: oEliminated through the kidneys. oKidney dysfunction can result in elevated levels of medications.Med ResponseoMaintain plasma levels between minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration:Therapeutic index (TI)oHigh TI has a wide safety margin.oLow TI requires monitoring of serum levels.