NRS 410V Week 1 Assignment, Assess your Knowledge of Foundational Concepts 2:

Total Score: 100 % 1 CATEGORY anatomy QUESTION Which of the following is true of the biological functions of progesterone?  A) Progesterone is the most important hormone associated with pregnancy.  A) Progesterone is the most important hormone associated with pregnancy. RATIONALE Progesterone is the most important hormone associated with pregnancy. 2 CATEGORY anatomy QUESTION Which of the following is true of the biological functions of testosterone?  D) Testosterone is needed for development of male secondary sexual characteristics.  D) Testosterone is needed for development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone is needed for development of male secondary sexual characteristics. RATIONALE 3 CATEGORY anatomy In performing a physical assessment, the nurse notes the patient has a “barrel― configuration to the chest. This is a consequence of: QUESTION  D) Increased residual lung volume  D) Increased residual lung volume Emphysema typically produces a barrel –shaped chest with an increased anterior-posterior dimension. This is a result of loss of lung parenchyma resulting in reduced elastic recoil and increased residual volume and functional residual capacity. RATIONALE 4 CATEGORY anatomy QUESTION Which of the following is true of the biological functions of estrone?  C) Estrone is required for proper development of female secondary sexual characteristics.  C) Estrone is required for proper development of female secondary sexual characteristics. RATIONALE Estrone is required for proper development of female secondary sexual characteristics. 5 CATEGORY anatomy QUESTION Ausculation of the chest reveals bilateral fine crackles in the bases bilaterally, indicating:  B) Left-sided heart failure  B) Left-sided heart failure This occurs because valve dysfunction creates abnormally high pressures in the cardiac chambers and in the pulmonary capillary bed. Isolated right-sided heart failure would not cause pulmonary congestion; it would present as edema in the systemic circulation. RATIONALE https://www..com/file/15480269/Week-1-Self-Assessment/ This study resource was shared via .com 6 CATEGORY biology The signs and symptoms of anemia are all related to what common pathophysiologic feature of the condition? QUESTION  B) Decreased blood oxygen content  B) Decreased blood oxygen content A majority of oxygen is carried to tissues in the blood stream bound to hemoglobin. So, when hemoglobin falls, oxygen carrying capacity of the blood falls accordingly. Anemia does not increase oxygen consumption or affect hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. RATIONALE 7 CATEGORY biology QUESTION What is the function of hemoglobin? A) Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.  A) Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells of the body.  Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries oxygen from the respiratory organs to the rest of the body. RATIONALE 8 CATEGORY biology QUESTION Common manifestations of bacterial pneumonia include all of the following except:  D) Hyperinflation  D) Hyperinflation Hyperinflation occurs with obstructive disorders such as emphysema and asthma, but not with pneumonia, which is an alveolar consolidation and atelectatic problem. Productive cough and fever are commonly associated with pneumonia. Tachypnea is a response to decreased tidal volume or hypoxemia and can occur with pneumonia. RATIONALE 9 CATEGORY biology QUESTION Patients with chronic renal failure usually exhibit:  C) Hypocalcemia  C) Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia is a common feature in renal failure because the kidneys fail to produce activated vitamin D, which then interferes with the absorption of calcium from the diet. In addition, the kidneys are unable to efficiently rid the body of phosphate because a low GFR, which contributes to hormonal dysregulation associated with hypocalcemia. RATIONALE 10 CATEGORY biology QUESTION In addition to hypertension, pre-eclampsia is characterized by:  C) Protein in the urine and edema  C) Protein in the urine and edema In addition to elevated blood pressure, retention of fluid leading to edema and leakage of protein into the urine are usually found in pregnancy induced hypertension (pre-eclampsia). Nausea, vomiting, fatigue and back pain are common findings of normal pregnancy. RATIONALE https://www..com/file/15480269/Week-1-Self-Assessment/ This study resource was shared via .com 11 CATEGORY chemistry QUESTION What is the physiological function of gluconeogenesis? A) Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are low. This ensures proper function of brain and red blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.  A) Gluconeogenesis is production of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules in times when blood glucose levels are low. This ensures proper function of brain and red blood cells, which only use glucose as fuel.  Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose to maintain blood glucose levels when levels fall. RATIONALE 12 CATEGORY chemistry QUESTION List the enzymes whose levels are elevated in the blood serum following an MI.  A) CPK, LDH, AST, and SGOT  A) CPK, LDH, AST, and SGOT CPK, LDH, AST and SGOT are primary cardiac enzymes released with cardiac tissue necrosis. The enzymes show elevation 8-12 hours after infarction and therefore, are diagnostic indicators of MI. RATIONALE 13 CATEGORY chemistry QUESTION The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve represents the relationship between the:  B) Oâ‚‚ saturation and PaOâ‚‚  B) Oâ‚‚ saturation and PaOâ‚‚ The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is a tool used to show the relationship between oxygen saturation and the PaO2. RATIONALE 14 CATEGORY chemistry QUESTION The normal pH range for blood is:  C) 7.35 - 7.45  C) 7.35 - 7.45 RATIONALE The normal blood pH range is 7.35 to 7.45. 15 CATEGORY chemistry A calculated ABG value that indicates excess or insufficiency of sodium bicarbonate in the system is: QUESTION  B) Base excess  B) Base excess The base excess indicates the amount of excess or insufficient level of bicarbonate in the system. RATIONALE https://www..com/file/15480269/Week-1-Self-Assessment/ This study resource was shared via .com 16 CATEGORY pathophysiology Interpret the following ABG results. pH 7.38 pCOâ‚‚ 38 HCO₃ 24 QUESTION  B) Normal  B) Normal RATIONALE pH 7.38 (normal), pCO2 38 (normal), HCO3 24 (normal). All values are within normal range. 17 CATEGORY pathophysiology Interpret the following ABG results. pH 7.33 pCOâ‚‚ 60 HCO₃ 34 QUESTION  C) Respiratory acidosis with partial compensation  C) Respiratory acidosis with partial compensation pH 7.33 (acid), pCO2 60 (acid), HCO3 34 (alkaline). Step one of arterial blood gas interpretation requires that you identify whether the pH, pCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal. The two matching values determine what the problem is. When an acid-base disorder is either uncompensated or partially compensated, the pH remains outside the normal range. RATIONALE 18 CATEGORY pathophysiology QUESTION The kidneys compensate for acid-base imbalances by excreting or retaining:  C) Sodium Bicarbonate  C) Sodium Bicarbonate In an effort to maintain the pH of the blood within its normal range, the kidneys excrete or retain bicarbonate (HCO3). RATIONALE 19 CATEGORY pathophysiology Interpret the following ABG results. pH 7.48 pCOâ‚‚ 42 HCO₃ 30 QUESTION  D) Metabolic alkalosis without compensation  D) Metabolic alkalosis without compensation pH 7.48 (alkaline), pCO2 42 (normal), HCO3 30 (alkaline). Step one of arterial blood gas interpretation requires that you identify whether the pH, pCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal. The two matching values determine what the problem is. When an acid-base disorder is either uncompensated or partially compensated, the pH remains outside the normal range. RATIONALE https://www..com/file/15480269/Week-1-Self-Assessment/ This study resource was shared via .com 20 CATEGORY pathophysiology Interpret the following ABG results. pH 7.48 pCOâ‚‚ 28 HCO₃ 20 QUESTION  A) Respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation  A) Respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation pH 7.48 (alkaline), pCO2 28 (alkaline), HCO3 20 (acid). Step one of arterial blood gas interpretation requires that you identify whether the pH, pCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal. The two matching values determine what the problem is. When both the pCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal some degree of compensation is taking place. RATIONALE 21 CATEGORY pharmacology QUESTION How do sulfa drugs selectively kill bacteria while causing no harm to humans? C) Humans are not harmed because we do not synthesize our own folic acid. It is obtained in the diet.  C) Humans are not harmed because we do not synthesize our own folic acid. It is obtained in the diet.  The vitamin, Folic acid, is needed for the synthesis of a coenzyme, responsible for producing the amino acid methionine and the purine and pyrimidine nitrogenious bases for DNA and RNA. Sulfa drug binds to the enzyme, prohibiting the production of folic acid, and leading to the cessation of biosynthesis of methionine and nitrogenous bases. These changes destroy microorganism. As we obtain folic acid through our diet, rather than creating it ourselves, there are no harmful effects. RATIONALE 22 CATEGORY pharmacology QUESTION The purposes of epinephrine injection include all of the following except:  D) Blocking histamine receptors.  D) Blocking histamine receptors. Epinephrine is effective as an acute treatment for type I hypersensitivity reactions to bee stings because it binds to B2 receptors in bronchioles and may inhibit bronchoconstriction. It also stimulates the heart to help maintain blood pressure, which may fall because of vasodilatory effects of histamine. Epinephrine also helps reduce further release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells. Epinephrine does not bind to or block histamine receptors. RATIONALE 23 CATEGORY pharmacology QUESTION What occurs when glycogen metabolism is stimulated by insulin? B) Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis. It also stimulates removal of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and phosphorylation of glucose by the enzyme glucokinase.  B) Insulin stimulates glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis. It also stimulates removal of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and phosphorylation of glucose by the enzyme glucokinase.  Glycogen metabolism increases the glucose levels within cells, while decreasing glucose levels in blood. Insulin stimulates uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells and phosphorylation of glucose by the enzyme glucokinase as well as glycogen synthase, the first enzyme in glycogen synthesis. Glucose is trapped within the liver cells, resulting in increased glucose storage, in the form of glycogen. In turn, glucose levels in blood is decreased. https://www..com/file/15480269/Week-1-Self-Assessment/ RATIONALE This study resource was shared via .com 24 CATEGORY pharmacology Your patient is interested in trying medication to improve low mood / depression. All of the following medications might be appropriate except: QUESTION  D) Benzodiazepines  D) Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines increase the effects of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. The result is sedation, reduced anxiety, decreased neuromuscular activity and amnesia. These would be inappropriate for depression at this point. RATIONALE 25 CATEGORY pharmacology Therapeutic interventions focused on increasing the oxygen supplied to the heart and decreasing the heart’s demand for oxygen include: QUESTION  C) Morphine sulphate  C) Morphine sulphate Morphine can reduce myocardial oxygen consumption by reducing the preload of the heart. It does this by causing venodilation and pooling of blood in the periphery. If the person is experiencing pain or anxiety, morphine can reduce the sympathetic activation of the heart caused by these symptoms. The other drugs might be expected to improve oxygen delivery to the heart but would not decrease oxygen utilization by the heart. RATIONALE Page 6