NR 602 Midterm Study Guide Spring 2018

D&M 3 NDNP 864 Midterm Study Guide
Week 1: Early child development notes (chapter 6):
Toddler: 12-24 months Preschoolers: 2-5 years old 
WHO growth charts should be used to measure weight and length for children less than 24 months CDC weight and length charts used for children older than 24 months 
Average 24 month weighs 26 lbs, length 33.5 in and HC 18.5 in Most have no palpable fontanelle by 12 months Ant fontanelle closes by 18-19 months 3-6 yrs weight gain expectation is 4.5-6.5 lbs/year 3-6 yrs height gain expectation is 2.5-3.5 inches/yr 4 yrs length at birth has doubled 4-5 years old legs grow faster than rest of the body 
Use of dominant hand may appear as early as 8-12 months generally emerges 2-4 years old; handedness established at 5yrs
May develop bowel and bladder control by age 3, but many will not. Boys usually take longer than girls to maintain bedtime bladder control. 
Articulation: -24 months- 25% is understood by a stranger -24m-36m- 66% is understood by a stranger -3 years old- 90% should be understood by a stranger 3 and 4-year-old have a normal hesitance or show stuttering, considered abnormal if beyond 5 years of age 
Speech problems often can be from lack of stimulation, hearing problems, ear infections, developmental delay. Early detection important. 
Lexicon: girls typically say their first word between 8-11 months; boys by 14 months 
2 year olds: have more than 200 words in their vocabulary 3 years old: 900 words in vocabulary 3-4 yrs old:  able to follow simple commands, talks incessantly 4-5 year olds: add at least 50 new words a month; 1500-2100 words in vocabulary (including names, coins, colors, knows days of the week) 5 year olds: should be able to define certain words with other words (cup: something you drink with)
Syntax: 8 months: develop receptive language- they understand what a word means before they are able to use it themselves 12-28 months: use holophrases (single words) to express whole ideas 18 months: use telegraphic speech (get milk, go bye-bye) 2 years old: short sentences 3 years old: add plurals, 3-4 word sentences 4 years old: past tense 5 years old: syntax is close to adult style, 5-6 word sentences 
Peer relationships: Toddler: parallel play Preschoolers: more interactive and social, imaginary play 
Body image: Masturbation starts around 3-4 years old 
Theories:
Erikson Industry team sports/cooperation Master social studies, math and reading sense of competence and accomplishment
Inferiority children must learn that they will not be able to master every skill they attempt
Criticism detrimental at this age
Development of a of “superego” or conscious develops during preschool age
Piaget Concrete operations More tolerant and perceptive of other’s viewpoint Children are able to use thought processes to experience events and actions Judgments made based on reason (conceptual)
Ages 2-4-Starting to realize world outside their own, realizing they can make things happen (shift from egocentric. Belief in “magical” power of words. Ages 4-7- Preoperational intuitive thought- starting to understand time concept but limited. Example may understand “after lunch” instead of in 2 hours.
Kohlberg (moral development)
Judge an act based on consequences of reward and punishment They know the rules and behaviors expected of this, but do not understand the reasons behind them
Can accept the concept of treating others as they would want to be treated. Judge an act based on intention not just consequences
Piaget: Preoperational thinking (2-4yrs) - problem solving based on what they see directly egocentrism - only about them Centration - Focus only on 1 thing at a time Animism - things around them are alive Magical thinking - thoughts are all powerful - their thoughts can cause things to happen
Developmental Assessment: BP starts at 3 years old or if at high risk Hearing and Vision at 4-5 years old Dentist: first tooth eruption or before 12 months; eruption of permanent teeth start at 5 yrs

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