BS 161 FINAL EXAM, , BS161 PCQ & RIQ LATEST UPDATED 2024

BS 161 FINAL EXAM, , BS161 PCQ & RIQ LATEST UPDATED 2024

What is fermentation? - Making ATP w/out oxygen You go on a diet and loose 15 pounds of stored fat, where does the carbon from the fat go? - It was converted to CO2 and then released. Based on the purpose and products of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, what molecules are likely to decrease the rate of these processes by feedback inhibition? - High Levels of ATP and High levels of NADH + H+ The movement of electrons from NADH to Oxygen is __________. To what is the flow of electrons energetically coupled? Why is this important? - favorable (exergonic). Release s a lot of energy used to help make ATP. Its immediately coupled to moving protons. What is the purpose of the process in the cell in the electron transport chain? - Using energy to produce a proton gradient, proton is moving back down gradient and uses energy to produce ATP from ADP and Pi. How does the processes in electron transport chain connect to glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle? - NADH and FADH2 is produced by glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle Is the process of the electron transport chain endergonic or exergonic? - exergonic because its releasing energy, which is a - ΔG You create vesicles containing ATP synthase with the catalytic head facing out. Choose all the conditions that would result in ATP synthesis. - pH inside vesicle =5, pH outside vesicle =7 What is the catabolism of proteins? - proteins are broken down into amino acids and AcetylCoA What is the catabolism of fats? - fatty acids get broken down and produce NADH and FADH2 During oxygenic photosynthesis the carbon from CO2 is being ____ to make sugar and the oxygen from H2O is being ____ to make O2. - reduced, oxidized What does the Calvin cycle do? - forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH What are the three stages of Calvin cycle? - carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration What does carbon fixation do in the Calvin cycle? - adding CO2 to an acceptor What does the reduction do in the Calvin cycle? - reduces carbon, uses NADPH as source of electrons to do reduce carbon What does regeneration do in the Calvin cycle? - regenerates RuBP in order to keep adding carbon How many rounds of the Calvin Cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose? - 6 Where does PSI and PSII take place? - thylakoid membrane Where does ATP synthase occur? - inner membrane of mitochondria Where does Rubisco take place? - in the stroma of the Calvin cycle What are light reactions? - use light energy to make ATP from ADP and Pi, and reduce NADP+ to NADPH Chlorophyll that is removed from chloroplasts and excited by a photon of light releases both heat and light. Which statements accurately describe this phenomena? - the energy of light emitted plus the heat release equals the energy of the light absorbed. light energy transiently increase the PE of an electron Where does glycolysis occur? - cytosol Where does fermentation occur? - cytosol Where do light reactions occur? - thylakoid membrane Where does the Calvin cycle occur? - stroma What has a higher proton concentration? Stroma or thylakoid membrane? - Thylakoid membrane substrate-level phosphorylation - Kinase, occurs in ETC oxidative phosphorylation - ATP synthase, occurs in ETC What does the lactic acid do in fermentation? - Creates NAD+ which allows glycolysis to keep going The inner membrane space of the ETC is: - Higher concentration, more acidic (LOW pH) The matrix of the membrane in the ETC is: - Lower concentration, more basic (HIGH pH) Which way are electrons moving against gradient? - Low to High concentration ATP synthase allows what? - Allows proton transport with the gradient What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? - H2O What is the most reduced carbon? - CH4 What is the most oxidized form of carbon? - CO2